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It refers to sequence or structural homology between foreign antigens and self\u2010antigens, which can activate cross\u2010reactive lymphocytes that attack host tissues. Elucidating the role of molecular mimicry in human autoimmunity could have important clinical implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review evidence for the role of molecular mimicry in major autoimmune diseases and discuss potential clinical implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comprehensive literature review of clinical trials, observational studies, animal models, and immunology studies on molecular mimicry in multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Guillain\u2010Barre syndrome, autoimmune myocarditis, and primary biliary cirrhosis published from 2000\u20132023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substantial indirect evidence supports molecular mimicry as a contributor to loss of self\u2010tolerance in several autoimmune conditions. Proposed microbial triggers include Epstein\u2010Barr virus, coxsackievirus, Campylobacter jejuni, and bacterial commensals. Key mechanisms involve cross\u2010reactive T cells and autoantibodies induced by epitope homology between microbial and self\u2010antigens. Perpetuation of autoimmunity involves epitope spreading, inflammatory mediators, and genetic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Molecular mimicry plausibly explains initial stages of autoimmune pathogenesis induced by infection or microbiota disturbances. Understanding mimicry antigens and pathways could enable improved prediction, monitoring, and antigen\u2010specific immunotherapy for autoimmune disorders. However, definitive proof of causation in humans remains limited. Further research should focus on establishing clinical evidence and utility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T07:34:47Z","timestamp":1706772887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Potential clinical implications of molecular mimicry\u2010induced autoimmunity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0649-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bandar A","family":"Suliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences Taibah University Madinah Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01201-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.565096"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2017.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22976"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13604"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14071415"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02490-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003286424-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2017.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00770-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02568-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102698"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39430"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000975"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1711235114"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8557-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00532"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12838"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0400-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84751-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2017.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02715"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0112-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2019.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201700290"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915309116"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61928-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10060333"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","unstructured":"KawasakiE. 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