{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:07:39Z","timestamp":1788962859656,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rabies, a potentially lethal virus, affects more than 150 countries. Although the rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin have been available since 1908, Bangladesh is new to vaccine manufacturing. We checked the quality of the local manufacturing rabies vaccine for substandard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The potency and immunogenicity of 20 vaccines were analyzed by three in vivo and in vitro methods from March 2020 to May 2023. Single radial immunodiffusion, fluorescent antibody virus neutralization, and national institutes of health tests were carried out to evaluate the vaccine's efficacy to provide sufficient protection against the rabies virus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The potency of the rabies vaccine was determined by the in vitro SRID method by measuring glycoprotein content. An average of 16 articles from each batch was calculated. The minimum and maximum average mean values of the 20 batches were 5.058 and 5.346, respectively. The variance was calculated at 0.00566. We found a coefficient of variation (CV) between 9.36% and 14.80%. The 100% sample was satisfactory, as these samples had a potency of over 2.5 IU\/mL. To observe immunogenicity, we applied the FAVN method for determining antibody titers. An average of 16 articles from every batch were counted to quantify antibody titers. The mean quantity of antibody titers ranged from 2.389 to 3.3875. The CV was slightly lower because of the dispersion of the data. At last, we performed an in vivo method, the NIH test method, to determine potency based on mortality rate. We found a mean value of 4.777 IU\/SHD with a standard deviation of 1.13 IU\/SHD. All 20 batches were found 100% satisfactory in the NIH test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study implies that the rabies human vaccines manufactured in Bangladesh are potent enough to provide sufficient immunogenicity. Our research is warranted testimony for healthcare providers who work to extirpate rabies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T07:15:48Z","timestamp":1709018148000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Potency, immunogenicity, and efficacy of rabies vaccine: In vitro and in vivo approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fahima","family":"Akter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hygiene Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3091-3267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Shamimuzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Jashore University of Science and Technology  Jashore Bangladesh"},{"name":"Directorate General of Drug Administration Ministry of Health and Family Welfare  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Virology: Principles and Applications [Internet]","author":"Carter J","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Rabies [Internet].2023.https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/rabies#tab=tab_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"Rabies virus complete genome:\u00a0nucleotide.\u00a0NCBI.2023.https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/nuccore\/9627197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Rabies [Internet].2023.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/rabies"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00075-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"WHO.Human vaccines.2023.http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20121103135631\/http:\/www.who.int\/rabies\/vaccines\/human_vaccines\/en\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.02.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"WHO. Weekly epidemiological record Relev\u00e9 \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique hebdomadaire.2018;(16):201\u2010220."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra064142"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2007.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.20985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Field application of oral rabies vaccines for dogs: Report of a WHO consultation organized in collaboration with the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) World [Internet]. Who\u2010emerging and other communicable diseases surveillance and control.2021.https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/arsenic"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0459-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"Plotkin's Vaccines","author":"Rodriguez\u2010Morales A","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652000000300008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801919-1.00018-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2019.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(97)00212-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"304","volume-title":"Laboratory Techniques in Rabies","author":"Rupprecht CE","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"CommissionBP.British pharmacopoeia 2019 [Internet]. Stationery Office;2018.https:\/\/books.google.com.bd\/books?id=7eQsuQEACAAJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Laboratory Techniques in Rabies","author":"Rupprecht CE","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-1157(87)90011-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(93)90027-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","unstructured":"WOAH\u2010World Organization for Animal Health. Rabies (infection with Rabies virus and other lyssaviruses). WOAH Terr Man 2023 [Internet].2023;578\u2010612.https:\/\/talk.ictvonline.org\/ictv-reports\/ictv_online_report\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO expert committee on rabies [meeting held in Geneva from 24 to 30 September 1991]: eighth report [Internet]. World Health Organization;1992.\u00a0https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/39308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-59-1-197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-1157(84)80008-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Single\u2010radial\u2010immunodiffusion potency tests of inactivated influenza vaccines for use in man and animals","volume":"64","author":"Wood JM","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dev Biol Stand"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2022.101833"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801919-1.00023-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2209-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2019.1709350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2023.2178421"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/5827-VETMED"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-013-3321-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v6041578"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","first-page":"697","article-title":"Vaccination campaigns of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) against rabies in Belgium: ingestion of vaccine baits by the red deer (Cervus elaphus), the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and the wild boar (Sus scrofa)","volume":"132","author":"Paquot A","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Med Vet"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Annales de medecine veterinaire","author":"Cliquet F","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.59.2011.1.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","unstructured":"BrucellosisOIE. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals.\u00a0World Organisation for Animal Health. 2009;12\u201030."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2016.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Review of the analysis related to rabies diagnosis and follow\u2010up of oral vaccination performed in NRLs in the EU, 2010","volume":"35","author":"Robardet E","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rabies Bull Eur"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","first-page":"431","article-title":"Factors influencing the antibody response to vaccination against rabies","volume":"131","author":"Jakel V","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Biol (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.22.3.1437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.154.14.423"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1010071"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","first-page":"655","article-title":"In vivo potency tests of rabies inactivated vaccines for veterinary use. A 2\u2010year retrospective analysis of data according to the criteria of the European Pharmacopoeia","volume":"20","author":"Servat A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmeur Bio Sci Notes"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Collaborative study for validation of a serological potency assay for rabies vaccine (inactivated) for veterinary use","volume":"2010","author":"Kr\u00e4mer B","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmeuropa Bio\u00a0Sci\u00a0Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Establishment of batch 4 of the Biological Reference Preparation (BRP) for rabies vaccine (inactivated) for veterinary use","volume":"2004","author":"Daas A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmeuropa Bio"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2018.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2020.05.001","article-title":"Potency evaluation of rabies vaccine for human use: the impact of reducing the number of animals per dilution:\u00a0part 2","volume":"66","author":"Machado NS","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biologicals: J\u00a0Int\u00a0Associa\u00a0Biol\u00a0Standardization"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15868-7"}],"container-title":["Immunity, Inflammation and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/iid3.1198","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/iid3.1198","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/iid3.1198","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:10:31Z","timestamp":1788959431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/iid3.1198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/iid3.1198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/iid3.1198","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-4527","2050-4527"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-4527","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-4527","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1198"}}