{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:07:32Z","timestamp":1788962852978,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious public health concern around the world including Asia. TB burden is high in Asian countries and significant population harbor latent tuberculosis infection(LTBI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis aims to evaluate the prevalence of LTBI in Asian countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed, Embase, and ScienceDirect to identify relevant articles published between January 1, 2005, and January 1, 2023 investigating the overall prevalence of latent TB among people of Asia. Subgroup analysis was done for Asian subregions during the study period of 2011 to 2016 and 2017 to 2023, for tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), respectively, as well as for QuantiFERON\u2010TB (QFT) and TSPOT TB tests. Der Simonian and Laird's random\u2010effects model was used to pool the prevalence of LTBI found using TST and IGRA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 15 studies were included after a systematic search from standard electronic databases. The analysis showed that the prevalence of latent TB in Asia was 21% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19%\u201323%) and 36% (95% CI: 12%\u201359%) according to IGRAs and TSTs (cut off 10\u2009mm) results, respectively. Based on IGRA, the prevalence of latent TB was 20% (95% CI: 13%\u201325%) in 2011 to 2016 and 21% (95% CI: 18%\u201324%) in 2017 to 2023. Using QFT, the prevalence was 19% (95% CI: 17%\u201322%) and using TSPOT, the prevalence was 26% (95% CI: 21%\u201331%). According to the United Nations division of Asia, the prevalence was higher for the Southern region and least for the Western region using TST and higher in the South\u2010Eastern region and least in the Western region using the IGRA test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Almost a quarter of the Asian population has LTBI. Its diagnosis often poses a diagnostic challenge due to the unavailability of standard test in certain areas. Given this prevalence, a mass screening program is suggested with the available standard test and public awareness along with anti\u2010TB regimen should be considered for individuals who test positive. However, for it to be implemented effectively, we need to take the affordability, availability, and cost\u2010effectiveness of such interventions into account.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T07:15:25Z","timestamp":1709018125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in Asian nations: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0681-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhigan B.","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine M Abdur Rahim Medical College Dinajpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imran S.","family":"Siam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Chattagram Maa O Shishu Medical College Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarin","family":"Tasnim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Chattagram Maa O Shishu Medical College Chattogram Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Dahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poulami","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Bengal Medical College and Hospital  Siliguri West Bengal India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushil","family":"Neupane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Manipal College of Medical Sciences  Pokhara Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Universal College of Medical Sciences Bhairawa Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barsha","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Rangpur Medical College Rangpur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0471-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupesh","family":"Ghimirie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kist Medical College and Teaching Hospital Patan Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dikshya","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kist Medical College and Teaching Hospital Patan Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suju","family":"Bhattarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajina","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kist Medical College and Teaching Hospital Patan Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nischal","family":"Mainali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yub Raj","family":"Sedhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine University of Kentucky College of Medicine  Bowling Green Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uday","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Nobel Medical College  Biratnagar Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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