{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:43:59Z","timestamp":1784126639964,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To observe the expression of inflammatory factors and autophagy\u2010related proteins in granulation tissue of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) patients and analyze their relationship with infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a retrospective cohort study. One hundred and fifty\u2010two patients with DFU in our hospital from July 2020 to March 2022 were selected as the DFU group, including 98 cases in infection stage group and 54 cases in infection control group. The patients were further graded as the mild (51 cases), the moderate (65 cases), and the severe infection group (36 cases) according to the Wagner grading criteria. Sixty\u2010seven patients with foot burns during the same period were selected as the control group. The distribution of pathogenic bacteria on the ulcer surface was examined using fully automated bacterial analyzer. The expression of inflammatory factors (procalcitonin [PCT], tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 [TNF\u2010\u03b1], and interleukin\u20106 [IL\u20106]) was valued by real\u2010time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT\u2010PCR). Protein expression was measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation was analyzed by Pearson.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The surface infection of DFU patients was mostly induced by gram\u2010negative and gram\u2010positive bacteria, with <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> predominating among the Gram\u2010negative bacteria and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> among the gram\u2010positive bacteria. The infection stage group had higher content of PCT, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and IL\u20106 and lower content of Beclin\u20101 and LC3 than the infection control group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). The levels of PCT, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and IL\u20106 in the DFU patients with cardiovascular events were higher than those in the nonoccurrence group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Glycated hemoglobin in patients with DFU was positively correlated with PCT, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and IL\u20106 levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05), and negatively correlated with Beclin\u20101 and LC3 levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> were predominant bacterial in DFU infections. Inflammatory factor and autophagy protein expression were closely correlated with the degree of infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T12:00:52Z","timestamp":1712318452000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Correlation between inflammatory factors, autophagy protein levels, and infection in granulation tissue of diabetic foot ulcer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Peripheral Vascular, Dongzhimen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Peripheral Vascular, Dongzhimen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5067-1061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shang","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Peripheral Vascular, Dongzhimen Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-020-04699-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"523","article-title":"Diabetic foot attack. 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