{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T09:54:50Z","timestamp":1753869290878,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in accordance with prior history of COVID\u201019 infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since the advent of the COVID\u201019 pandemic much discussion has been had on the possible role it might play on global efforts to combat TB; most, focusing on the pandemic's impact on health care systems' capabilities to manage TB cases. Mechanisms have also been proposed by which the COVID\u201019 infection may directly affect individuals' chance of developing TB infection. Cases have been reported with a history of COVID\u201019 infection preceding a diagnosis of TB, evidencing its possible role as a risk factor for the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A case\u2010control study was conducted enrolling patients diagnosed with pulmonary TB in the absence of major risk factors previous history of TB, (HIV) human immunodeficiency virus infection), end\u2010stage renal disease, organ transplants, and use of immunosuppressive agents) for developing TB. Each patient was age and sex matched with one healthy control. Data regarding prior COVID\u201019 infection, diabetes, and smoking status as well as the use of corticosteroids and Tocilizumab for the treatment of COVID\u201019 infection was obtained. Bivariate analysis was conducted and variables with a likely association with TB status were entered in a multivariate model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bivariate analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between prior COVID\u201019 infection and TB (95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20091.1\u221222.8, odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20095). Among other variables the severity of COVID\u201019 infection was found to have a likely association with TB status (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.125). In a multivariate model, prior COVID\u201019 infection per se, was not found to be significantly associated with TB (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.12, OR\u2009=\u20094.5).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There seems to be an association between prior history of COVID\u201019 and a future diagnosis of TB partially linked to the severity of disease. The findings of the current study may serve as a basis for further studies to determine the need for and efficacy of measures to follow\u2010up COVID\u201019 patients at an increased risk for developing TB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T13:58:07Z","timestamp":1716904687000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prior COVID\u201019 infection among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in a tertiary care center in Tehran: A case\u2010control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kiavash","family":"Semnani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences School of Medicine Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Sohrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tohid Squre Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parvaneh Ebrahimi","family":"Alavijeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Arash Women's Hospital Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SeyedAhmad","family":"SeyedAlinaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian Research Center for HIV\/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran University of Medical Sciences School of Medicine Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farzin","family":"Halabchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Salami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Iran University of Medical Sciences School of Medicine, Hemmat Hwy Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8349-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arezoo Salami","family":"Khaneshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tohid Squre Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Iranian Research Center for HIV\/AIDS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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