{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:10:51Z","timestamp":1768291851447,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003121","name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hygiene hypothesis suggests that early life exposure to helminth infections can reduce hypersensitivity in the immune system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study aims to evaluate the effects of <jats:italic>Toxocara cati<\/jats:italic>\u00a0(<jats:italic>T. cati<\/jats:italic>) somatic products on allergic airway inflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between 2018 and 2020, <jats:italic>T. cati<\/jats:italic> adult worms were collected from stray cats in Mashhad, Iran (31 out of 186 cats), and their somatic extract was collected. Thirty BALB\/c\u00a0mice were equally divided into three groups, including the OVA group (sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin), the somatic administered group (received somatic extract along with ovalbumin sensitization), and the PBS group (sensitized and challenged with phosphate buffer saline). Bronchoalveolar lavage\u00a0(BAL)\u00a0fluid was collected to assess the number of cells, and lung homogenates were prepared for cytokine analysis. Histopathological analysis of the lungs was performed, and inflammatory cells and mucus were detected. Cytokine levels (IL\u20104, IL\u20105, IL\u201010) were measured using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and ovalbumin\u2010specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were determined using a capture ELISA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The somatic group significantly decreased regarding the lung pathological changes, including peribronchiolitis, perivasculitis, and eosinophil influx, compared to the group treated with ovalbumin alone. These changes were accompanied by a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines IL\u20104 and IL\u20105 and an increase in the anti\u2010inflammatory cytokine IL\u201010, indicating a shift toward\u00a0a more balanced immune response. The number of inflammatory cells in the BAL fluid was also significantly reduced in the somatic group, indicating a decrease in inflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These preclinical findings suggest that in experimental models, <jats:italic>T. cati<\/jats:italic> somatic extract exhibits promising potential as a therapeutic agent for mitigating allergic airway inflammation. Its observed effects on immune response modulation and reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration warrant further investigation in clinical studies to assess its efficacy and safety in human patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T18:48:34Z","timestamp":1718131714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluating the <i>Toxocara cati<\/i> extract as a therapeutic agent for allergic airway inflammation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8292-0995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Bakhshani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sima","family":"Parande Shirvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9068-0673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soheil","family":"Sadr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohsen","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1905-6157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Haghparast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4706-4995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Borji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interactions between innate immunity system and Echinococcus granulosus: permission for vaccine development","volume":"3","author":"Sadr S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Series Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187153012799278956"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2020.01.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2020.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05670-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2020.03.002"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"A survey on the prevalence of Toxocara cati, Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina eggs in stray dogs and cats'\u00a0faeces in Northwest of Iran: a potential risk for human health","volume":"36","author":"Hajipour N","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021001591"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-00303-5_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2020.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/coan.2020.0104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.08.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"315","article-title":"A review of toxocariasis in man and animal","volume":"1","author":"Am A\u2010RM","year":"2015","journal-title":"Egyptian J Chem Environm Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-41"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020241"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00068"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1149203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.902318"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11071105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2021-002098"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801610010162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-022-01543-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2020.101488"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2015.1064951"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X1800086X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015001407"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR201914053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2020.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","volume-title":"The Nematodes of Vertebrates","author":"Yamaguti S.","year":"1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05125-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0412"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.11.702"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-824390-9.00005-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00531-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-101819-110236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12913"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.623737"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1183"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-009-0085-3"}],"container-title":["Immunity, Inflammation and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/iid3.1307","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T09:59:35Z","timestamp":1719568775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/iid3.1307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/iid3.1307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/iid3.1307","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-4527","2050-4527"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-4527","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-4527","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e1307"}}