{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T01:23:44Z","timestamp":1773883424315,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that can invade all mammalian cells. It is well established that natural killer (NK) cells have critical protective roles in innate immunity during infections by intracellular pathogens. In the current study, we conducted an in vitro experiment to evaluate NK cell differentiation and activation from human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (UCB\u2010MNCs) after infection with <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> tachyzoites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>UCB\u2010MNCs were infected by fresh tachyzoites of type I (RH) or type II (PTG) strains of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> pre\u2010expanded in mesenchymal stem cells for 2 weeks in a medium enriched with stem cell factor,\u00a0Flt3, IL\u20102, and IL\u201015. Flow cytometry analysis and western blot analysis were performed to measure the CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and Granzyme A (GZMA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data revealed that incubation of UCB\u2010MNCs with NK cell differentiation medium increased the CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and GZMA. UCB\u2010MNCs cocultured with PTG tachyzoites showed a significant reduction of CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and GZMA, but nonsignificant changes, in the levels of CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> compared to the control UCB\u2010MNCs (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009.05). Noteworthy, 2\u2010week culture of UCB\u2010MNCs with type I (RH) tachyzoites significantly suppressed CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CD56<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, and GZMA, showing reduction of NK cell differentiation from cord blood cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that virulent <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> tachyzoites with cytopathic effects inhibit NK cell activation and eliminate innate immune responses during infection, and consequently enable the parasite to continue its survival in the host body.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T13:20:02Z","timestamp":1718976002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> suppress human cord blood cell differentiation to the NK cell 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