{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:30:43Z","timestamp":1792114243504,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,20]],"date-time":"2017-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute Pasteur Italia, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation","award":["55\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["55\/2013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV infection is characterized by a persistent immune activation associated to a compromised gut barrier immunity and alterations in the profile of the fecal flora linked with the progression of inflammatory symptoms. The effects of high concentration multistrain probiotic (Vivomixx\u00ae, Viale del Policlinico 155, Rome, Italy in EU; Visbiome\u00ae, Dupont, Madison, Wisconsin in USA) on several aspects of intestinal immunity in ART\u2010experienced HIV\u20101 patients was evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A sub\u2010study of a longitudinal pilot study was performed in HIV\u20101 patients who received the probiotic supplement twice a day for 6 months (T6). T\u2010cell activation and CD4+ and CD8+ T\u2010cell subsets expressing IFN\u03b3 (Th1, Tc1) or IL\u201017A (Th17, Tc17) were stained by cytoflorimetric analysis. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on intestinal biopsies while enterocytes apoptosis index was determined by TUNEL assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A reduction in the frequencies of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell subsets, expressing CD38<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, HLA\u2010DR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, or both, and an increase in the percentage of Th17 cell subsets, especially those with central or effector memory phenotype, was recorded in the peripheral blood and in gut\u2010associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) after probiotic intervention. Conversely, Tc1 and Tc17 levels remained substantially unchanged at T6, while Th1 cell subsets increase in the GALT. Probiotic supplementation was also associated to a recovery of the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier, a reduction of both intraepithelial lymphocytes density and enterocyte apoptosis and, an improvement of mitochondrial morphology sustained in part by a modulation of heat shock protein 60.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings highlight the potential beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation for the reconstitution of physical and immunological integrity of the mucosal intestinal barrier in ART\u2010treated HIV\u20101\u2010positive patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,20]],"date-time":"2017-04-20T10:39:21Z","timestamp":1492684761000},"page":"244-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Probiotic supplementation promotes a reduction in T\u2010cell activation, an increase in Th17 frequencies, and a recovery of intestinal 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