{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:10:42Z","timestamp":1792444242039,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]],"date-time":"2017-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005205","name":"Janssen Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005205","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by type 2 inflammation with high levels of Th2 cytokines. Although T helper cytokines are released from T cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are also known to produce high levels of the same cytokines. However, the presence of various types of ILC in CRS is poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to fully characterize the presence of all ILC subsets in CRS and to identify phenotypical differences of group 2 ILC (ILC2) in CRSwNP compared to ILC2 from non\u2010type 2 inflamed areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the presence of ILC subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy subjects, tonsil tissue, ethmoid tissue from control subjects and patients with non\u2010polypoid CRS (CRSsNP) and CRSwNP, as well as nasal polyp (NP) tissue from CRSwNP by flow cytometry. Sorted ILC2 were cultured in the presence and absence of IL\u201033 and production of IL\u20105 and IL\u201013 was assessed by Luminex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that all ILC subsets were present in NP but ILC2 were dominant and significantly elevated compared to PBMC, tonsil, CRSsNP, and normal sinus tissue. We also found that inducible T\u2010cell co\u2010stimulator (ICOS) and side scatter were increased and CD127 was down\u2010regulated in ILC2 from NP compared to blood or tonsil ILC2. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL\u20107, and IL\u201033 were able to down\u2010regulate expression of CD127 and increase side scatter in blood ILC2. Furthermore, sorted NP ILC2 but not blood ILC2 spontaneously released type 2 cytokines including IL\u20105 and IL\u201013.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that ILC2 are not only elevated but also activated in CRSwNP in vivo and that ILC2 may play important roles in the type 2 inflammation in CRSwNP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,19]],"date-time":"2017-04-19T09:09:03Z","timestamp":1492592943000},"page":"233-243","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Group 2 innate lymphoid cells are elevated and activated in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Poposki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy\u2010Immunology Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois 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