{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:07:09Z","timestamp":1790777229412,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,29]],"date-time":"2019-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epidemiological research on the prevalence of asthma and helminthic infections in various countries has led to the hypothesis that helminthic infections protect against asthma by suppressing the host's immune response. This study was conducted to elucidate whether decreased <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> infection following a national deworming program was associated with increased recurrent wheezing among rural Bangladeshi children and to test their anti\u2010inflammatory immunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This nested case\u2010control study was conducted from December 2015 to October 2016 in the rural service area of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Of the 1800 5\u2013year old children randomly selected for the study, informed consent was obtained from the guardians of 1658 children. Data were collected using a semistructured questionnaire adopted from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood and blood samples for the analysis of regulatory T (Treg) cell immune responses and the balance between Th1 and Th2 immunity in <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 145 children were found to have wheezing, yielding a prevalence rate of 8.7%, which was significantly lower than the rate found in 2001 (16.2%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001); <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> infection also decreased from 2001 to 2016. The 127 wheezing children who agreed to participate further were compared to 114 randomly selected never\u2010wheezing children. Wheezing had a significant positive association with antibiotic use, history of pneumonia, parents\u2019 history of asthma, and <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> infection; children with <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> infection were twice as likely to have wheezing (adjusted odds ratio\u2009=\u20092.31, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.053). Flow cytometry found no significant differences in the rates of Th1, Th2, and CD4\n<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25\n<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD127low cells by the wheezing group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> infection had a positive rather than a negative association with wheezing and the rates of wheezing and <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> infections both decreased from 2001 to 2016. These findings undermines the hypothesis that such infections provide protection against asthma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,30]],"date-time":"2019-06-30T05:34:02Z","timestamp":1561872842000},"page":"160-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Concurrent decreases in the prevalence of wheezing and <i>Ascaris<\/i> infection among 5\u2010year\u2010old children in rural Bangladesh and their regulatory T cell immunity after the implementation of a national deworming program"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8367-1947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haruko","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. 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