{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:59:04Z","timestamp":1767859144856,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD20A0323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD20A0323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002648","name":"Catholic University of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Varicella\u2010zoster virus (VZV), a human alphaherpesvirus 3, elicits both chickenpox and shingles and\/or postherpetic neuralgia. A live attenuated vaccine (LAV) and glycoprotein E (gE) subunit vaccine were developed to prevent VZV\u2010induced diseases. We recently reported that single\u2010strand RNA (ssRNA) based on the intergenic region of the internal ribosome entry site of cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) is an effective adjuvant for protein\u2010based and virus\u2010like particle\u2010based vaccines. Here, Chinese hamster ovary expression system and an LAV from Oka\/SK strains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We appraised the adjuvant effect of the same CrPV ssRNA encoding the gE gene formulated in the two vaccines using VZV\u2010primed C57BL\/6 mice and guinea pigs. Humoral immunity and cell\u2010mediated immunity were assessed by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ELISPOT in gE subunit vaccine and by ELISA and fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen in LAV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The gE subunit vaccine\u2010induced gE\u2010specific antibodies and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell responses (indicated by interferon\u2010\u03b3 [IFN\u2010\u03b3] and interleukin\u20102 secretion) in the ssRNA\u2010based adjuvant containing the VZV gE gene. Therefore, an ssRNA adjuvant combined with gE antigen can trigger the innate immune response and induce an adaptive immune response to ultimately activate humoral and cell\u2010mediated responses. VZV LAV could also induce VZV\u2010specific antibodies and IFN\u2010\u03b3 stimulated by LAV, whereas the effect of ssRNA as a vaccine adjuvant could not be confirmed. However, the ssRNA adjuvant increased VZV\u2010specific neutralizing antibody response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, these results highlight that the gE subunit vaccine and LAV developed in this study can be functional VZV vaccines, and ssRNAs appear to function better as adjuvants in a subunit vaccine than in an LAV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T13:34:11Z","timestamp":1584106451000},"page":"216-227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of glycoprotein E subunit and live attenuated varicella\u2010zoster virus vaccines formulated with a single\u2010strand RNA\u2010based adjuvant"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Su Jeen","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology The Catholic University of Korea  Bucheon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of R&amp;D SK Bioscience, Pangyoro  Bundang\u2010gu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyo\u2010Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology The Catholic University of Korea  Bucheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hae Li","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology The Catholic University of Korea  Bucheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of R&amp;D SK Bioscience, Pangyoro  Bundang\u2010gu Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of R&amp;D SK Bioscience, 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