{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T15:30:19Z","timestamp":1770996619535,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1.921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB1328\u2010A10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB1328\u2010A10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB1328\u2010A14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB1328\u2010A14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFB1328\u2010Z02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB1328\u2010Z02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Hamburg is a city state of approximately 1.9 Mio inhabitants in Northern Germany. Currently, the COVID\u201019 epidemic that had largely subsided during last summer is resurging in Hamburg and in other parts of the world, underlining the need for additional tools to monitor SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibody responses.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n<jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold> We aimed to develop and validate a simple, low\u2010cost assay for detecting antibodies against the native coronavirus 2 spike protein (CoV\u20102 S) that does not require recombinant protein or virus.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n<jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold> We transiently co\u2010transfected HEK cells or CHO cells with expression vectors encoding CoV\u20102 S and nuclear GFP. Spike protein\u2010specific antibodies in human serum samples bound to transfected cells were detected with fluorochrome conjugated secondary antibodies by flow cytometry orimmunofluorescence microscopy. We applied this assay to monitor antibody development in COVID\u201019 patients, household contacts, and hospital personnel during the ongoing epidemic in the city state of Hamburg.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n<jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> All recovered COVID\u201019 patients showed high levels of CoV\u20102 S\u2010specific antibodies. With one exception, all household members that did not develop symptoms also did not develop detectable antibodies. Similarly, lab personnel that worked during the epidemic and followed social distancing guidelines remained antibody\u2010negative.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n<jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> We conclude that high\u2010titer CoV\u20102 S\u2010specific antibodies are found in most recovered COVID\u201019 patients and in symptomatic contacts, but only rarely in asymptomatic contacts. The assay may help health care providers to monitor disease progression and antibody responses in vaccination trials, to identify health care personnel that likely are resistant to re\u2010infection, and recovered individuals with high antibody titers that may be suitable asplasma and\/or antibody donors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T15:25:27Z","timestamp":1620833127000},"page":"905-917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A simple, sensitive, and low\u2010cost FACS assay for detecting antibodies against the native SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike protein"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Hambach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"St\u00e4hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Eden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorte","family":"Wendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Tode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"Haag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Tolosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5972-2997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Altfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Virus Immunology Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anahita","family":"Fathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Infectious Diseases, I. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases Bernhard\u2010Nocht\u2010Institute for Tropical Medicine  Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg\u2010L\u00fcbeck\u2010Borstel\u2010Riems  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Dahlke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Infectious Diseases, I. 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