{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:46:39Z","timestamp":1788291999923,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Often thought of as a minor health concern, sore throat or pharyngitis is an important public health issue. It is one of the most common symptoms of upper respiratory diseases including COVID\u201019 and is a leading cause of physician visits and antibiotic prescriptions. However, few over\u2010the\u2010counter medications are proven to heal sore throat inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 cells) and three dimensional organotypic human respiratory tissues were used to study inflammation and various treatment effects on respiratory epithelia. The cells and tissues were studied both in the presence and absence of bradykinin, one of the first inflammatory mediators of pharyngitis. Inflammation was measured by analyzing the levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin 8 (IL\u20108), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Tissue morphology was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In studying pharyngitis using organotypic human respiratory tissue stimulated with bradykinin, we saw an increase in PGE2 and interleukin\u20108 (IL\u20108) in response to bradykinin. Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA), a nonspecific COX inhibitor, was able to mitigate a bradykinin\u2010induced increase in PGE2 in our studies. However, ASA was inflammatory above its therapeutic window, increasing the levels of PGE2 and IL\u20108 above those seen with bradykinin stimulation alone. We describe a novel, scientifically validated treatment for sore throat, that contains a low dose of ASA and other anti\u2010inflammatory ingredients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study elucidates the complex mechanisms involved in healing pharyngitis, an inflammatory condition of the upper respiratory epithelia. An ASA\u2010based formula (Biovanta) mitigated bradykinin\u2010induced inflammation more strongly than ASA alone in organotypic human respiratory tissues. Surprisingly, we found that many of the most common over the counter sore throat therapies exacerbate inflammation and IL\u20108 in organotypic human respiratory tissues, suggesting these common treatments may increase the likelihood of further respiratory complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]],"date-time":"2021-06-21T21:33:52Z","timestamp":1624311232000},"page":"1321-1335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A novel anti\u2010inflammatory treatment for bradykinin\u2010induced sore throat or pharyngitis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9211-6160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Leyva\u2010Grado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biological Laboratories  Brooklyn New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3199-1268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Pugach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biological Laboratories  Brooklyn New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1862-6867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazlie","family":"Sadeghi\u2010Latefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biological Laboratories  Brooklyn New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2016.1187119"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"251","article-title":"Pharyngitis: approach to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"66","author":"Sykes EA","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis847"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2017.49.4.326"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Sprays and lozenges for sore throats","volume":"78","author":"Farrer F","year":"2011","journal-title":"S Afr Pharm J"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guideline for the management of acute sore throat","volume":"18","author":"Group ESTG","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4658"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2236"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026119290903700606"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3305-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(05)80156-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.3.613"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.5.2509","article-title":"Bradykinin stimulates IL\u20108 production in cultured human airway smooth muscle cells: role of cyclooxygenase products","volume":"161","author":"Pang L","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00483.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016489409126062"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.06.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(94)90074-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/28132"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12121425"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","volume-title":"Histology, respiratory epithelium","author":"Kia'i N","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.01.083"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfx255"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1039\/9781847552167","volume-title":"Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). 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