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Vaccination represents the only mechanism to defeat this virus. Several intramuscular vaccines have been approved and are currently used worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main body<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>However, global mass vaccination has not been achieved owing to several limitations, including the need for expertise to administer the injection\u2010based vaccine, improper distribution of the vaccine, and lack of cold chain facilities, particularly in resource\u2010poor, low\u2010income countries. Mucosal vaccines are typically administered either orally or nasally, and several studies have shown promising results for developing these vaccines against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 that might serve as viable alternatives to current vaccines. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 invades the human body via oral and nasal mucosal surfaces; thus, an oral or nasal vaccine can trigger the immune system to inhibit the virus at the mucosal level, preventing further transmission via a strong mucosal and systematic immune response. Although several approaches toward developing a mucosal vaccine are currently being tested, additional attention is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this article, the current approaches used to develop effective oral and nasal mucosal vaccines against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and their benefits, prospects, and challenges have been summarized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T01:22:03Z","timestamp":1646961723000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Oral and intranasal vaccines against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102: Current progress, prospects, advantages, and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sanchita","family":"Kar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Institute of Developing Science and Health Initiatives, ECB Chattar Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology University of Chittagong Chittagong Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Popy","family":"Devnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Noakhali Science and Technology University Noakhali Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3188-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talha B.","family":"Emran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy BGC Trust University Bangladesh Chittagong Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trina E.","family":"Tallei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Sam Ratulangi University Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia"},{"name":"Division of Sustainable Use of Wallacea Area The University Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology and Conservation of Wallacea, Institute for Research and Community Services, Sam Ratulangi University Manado North Sulawesi Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saikat","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuldeep","family":"Dhama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology ICAR\u2010Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar Bareilly Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1623"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1370"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Worldometer.COVID\u201019 status.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18006\/2021.9(3).254.262"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1871295"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2020.1796963"},{"issue":"1526","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","article-title":"Impact of vaccines; 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