{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:09:52Z","timestamp":1791850192111,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> malarial anemia is still the principal cause of death in children in underdeveloped countries. An imbalance between proinflammatory and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines is associated with malaria progression. This study evaluated circulating levels of selected inflammatory cytokines among malaria\u2010infected children in Ghana.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This case\u2010control study was conducted at Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana. One hundred and twenty children with malaria and 60 controls, aged 12\u2212144 months were selected from April to July, 2023 for the study. Malaria was diagnosed through microscopy, full blood count was measured using hematology analyzer, and cytokines were measured using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malaria\u2010infected children had higher tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), interferon\u2010gamma (IFN\u2010\u0263) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), IL\u20106 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), granulocyte macrophage\u2010colony stimulating factor (GM\u2010CSF) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), and IL\u201010 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) levels than controls. Participants with high parasitemia had raised TNF\u2010\u03b1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), IFN\u2010\u0263 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), IL\u20101\u03b2 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), IL\u20106 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), GM\u2010CSF (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), and IL\u201010 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), but reduced IL\u20103 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and TGF\u2010\u03b2 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) than those with low parasitemia. Severe malarial anemic children had elevated TNF\u2010\u03b1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), IFN\u2010\u0263 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), IL\u20101\u03b2 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), IL\u20106 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), GM\u2010CSF (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), and IL\u201010 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), but lower IL\u20103 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and TGF\u2010\u03b2 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) than those with uncomplicated malaria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parasite density was the principal predictor of the cytokine levels, as parasitemia positively associated with IL\u201010, GM\u2010CSF, IL\u20106, IL\u20101\u03b2, IFN\u2010\u0263, and TNF\u2010\u03b1, but negatively associated with IL\u20103 and TGF\u2010\u03b2. Malaria is associated with enhanced secretion of pro\u2010 and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines in Ghanaian children. Inflammatory cytokines may be involved in the development of severe malarial anemia in children. However, IL\u20103 and TGF\u2010\u03b2 may offer protection against severe malarial anemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T13:41:26Z","timestamp":1725630086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pro\u2010 and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines mediate the progression of severe anemia in malaria\u2010infected children: A prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6986-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Nkansah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, School of Allied Health Sciences University for Development Studies Tamale Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology Ebonyi State University Abakaliki 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