{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T22:39:22Z","timestamp":1776465562335,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 monoclonal antibody (mAB) therapy has effectively treated severe COVID\u201019, although how this contributes to protective antiviral immunity in settings of malignancy is poorly defined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the development of post\u2010infection immunity in five patients with malignancies who received mAB therapy targeting spike protein for their PCR\u2010confirmed SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection in 2021, compared with non\u2010mAB controls. Patients were identified from a larger study on oncology with a history or documented current infection with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. Subjects include two patients with lymphoma and CD20\u2010depletion therapy, one with myeloma and two with solid tumor (stage IIA rectal adenocarcinoma and metastatic breast cancer). Cancer therapies and COVID vaccination history varied by patient. Blood samples (1\u20134 per patient) were collected 71\u2013635 days post\u2010mAB therapy. We employed clinical histories with comprehensive immunoprofiling analysis, including systems serology antibody isotyping and effector function, T\u2010cell immunophenotyping for subset and memory cells, and sensitive blood viral RNA detection up to 2 years post\u2010mAB therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>B\u2010cell deficiency was confirmed in 3\/5 patients. All patients had detectable anti\u2010spike and nucleoprotein antibody isotypes, effector functions, and neutralizing antibodies (which increased over time by subject) at similar levels to the control group. Virus\u2010specific T\u2010cell activation and phenotypes varied by time and patient. Spike\u2010specific effector and memory CD8\u2009+\u2009T\u2010cells were significantly elevated in mAB subjects compared to the control group. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 viral RNA detection was also higher in mAB\u2010treated patients. One patient on bortezomib therapy had unique alterations in these populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>All mAB\u2010treated patients with malignancies developed polyfunctional immunity humoral and T\u2010cell immunity to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 even in the setting of B\u2010cell deficiency. The evolution of this immunity, including new variant\u2010specific antibodies, without secondary illnesses suggests that patients were protected from symptomatic re\u2010infection, and mAB therapy did not blunt the development of host immunity. Future studies are warranted to better characterize immunologic memory over time with exposures to new viral variants, evaluate prolonged viral shedding and the continued use of appropriate mAB for infection in high\u2010risk patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T07:10:26Z","timestamp":1733901026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Post\u2010COVID immunity in patients with solid tumor or hematological malignancies treated with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 monoclonal antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5462-5386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Sabino\u2010Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathryn E.","family":"Leggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center New Orleans New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean M.","family":"Litwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najia","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center New Orleans New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuangyi","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Global Health Washington State University Pullman Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sinem","family":"Ulusan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Global Health Washington State University Pullman Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anoli","family":"Karunathilake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Global Health Washington State University Pullman Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debra H.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley R.","family":"Smira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sruti","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Schieffelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bronwyn M.","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul G. Allen School of Global Health Washington State University Pullman Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyotsna","family":"Fuloria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center New Orleans New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8426-3515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00642-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00937-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102715"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01814-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012251"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.163471"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29060315"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00939-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI164303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17292-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.72619"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8511"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02465-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaefer\u2010BabajewD WangZ MueckschF et alAntibody feedback regulation of memory B cell development in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 mRNA vaccination.medRxiv.2022.doi:10.1101\/2022.08.05.22278483","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.08.05.22278483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00809-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04460-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.15.66"}],"container-title":["Immunity, Inflammation and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/iid3.70039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T14:43:47Z","timestamp":1735224227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/iid3.70039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/iid3.70039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/iid3.70039","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-4527","2050-4527"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-4527","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-4527","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70039"}}