{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:39:59Z","timestamp":1790822399615,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Schistosomiasis is a major human disease of public health importance. Freshwater snails serving as intermediary hosts and human interaction with surface water tainted by feces or urine are both necessary components of the transmission cycle.\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      are the primary pathogen species. Over 250 million individuals are infected globally, according to the World Health Organization, causing significant morbidity and an estimated loss of 1.9 million disability\u2010adjusted life years, a number that is probably underestimated. Immunological protection is slowly built up through complex immunological systems, although innate factors also play a role. Chronic schistosomiasis affects mainly individuals residing in poor rural area. Vaccination is considered as one of the most sustainable options for the control of any pathogen, but schistosomiasis vaccine for humans or animals is not available till now despite the discovery of numerous potentially promising schistosome vaccine antigens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide an overview of the schistosomiasis chemotherapy, chemoprevention, and vaccines history and progress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Review article.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, and the World Health Organization database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Favorably praziquantel (PZQ) is a medication with excellent chemopreventive treatment compliance. Due to the extensive usage of PZQ, there is a great deal of debate surrounding the emergence of drug resistance. PZQ is effective against all species of schistosomes, schistosomiasis prevalence has remained largely unaffected, due to reinfection in high transmission areas and growing juvenile worms that were not affected by the drug, even though the need for a schistosomiasis vaccine is even more pressing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T09:00:05Z","timestamp":1732006805000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy, Chemoprevention, and Vaccines: History, Progress, and Priorities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Alaa Oqalaa E.","family":"Alibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine, Jouf University Sakaka Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1806-0197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walaa A.","family":"Elkholy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al\u2010Azhar University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona M.","family":"El\u2010Derbawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al\u2010Azhar University New Damietta City Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha F.","family":"Zahran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al\u2010Azhar University New Damietta City Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2206-7236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Alexiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre for Research &amp; Development Chandigarh University Mohali Punjab India"},{"name":"Department of Research &amp; Development Funogen Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Papadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery II University Hospital Witten\u2010Herdecke, University of Witten\u2010Herdecke Wuppertal Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7817-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaber El\u2010Saber","family":"Batiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University Damanhour AlBeheira Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-7204-0_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)61013-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002865"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.691757"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.846108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020000049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"\u201cEnding the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030 \u201d World Health Organization 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000312"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Progress on Vaccines Against Parasites","volume":"87","author":"Engers H. 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