{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:30:58Z","timestamp":1792182658244,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004607","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic refractory wounds refer to wounds that cannot be repaired timely. Platelet\u2010rich plasma (PRP) has significant potential in chronic wound healing therapy. The exosomes isolated from PRP were proved to exhibit more effectiveness than PRP. However, the therapeutic potential of exosomes from PRP on chronic refractory wounds remained elusive. Hence, this study aimed to clarify the action of exosomes from PRP on chronic refractory wounds by evaluating the response of macrophages to exosomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pure platelet\u2010rich plasma (P\u2010PRP) and leukocyte platelet\u2010rich plasma (L\u2010PRP) were prepared from the fasting venous blood of healthy volunteers. Exosomes were extracted from P\u2010PRP and L\u2010PRP using ultracentrifugation and identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and western blot. Macrophages were obtained by inducing THP\u20101 cells with phorbol\u201012\u2010myristate\u201013 acetate (PMA). The internalization of exosomes into macrophages was observed utilizing confocal laser scanning microscopy after being labeled with PKH67. Cell viability was determined by CCK\u20108 assay. Cell apoptosis was measured utilizing a flow cytometer. The polarization status of M1 and M2 macrophages were evaluated by detecting their markers. Nitric oxide (NO) detection was conducted using the commercial kit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exosomes from P\u2010PRP and L\u2010PRP were absorbed by macrophages. Exosomes from L\u2010PRP restrained viability and induced apoptosis of macrophages. Besides, exosomes from P\u2010PRP promoted M2 polarization, and exosomes from L\u2010PRP promoted M1 polarization. Furthermore, exosomes from L\u2010PRP promoted NO generation of macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exosomes from L\u2010PRP restrained viability, induced apoptosis and NO generation of macrophages, and promoted M1 polarization, while exosomes from P\u2010PRP increased M2 polarization. The exosomes from L\u2010PRP presented a more effective effect on macrophages than that from P\u2010PRP, making it a promising strategy for chronic refractory wound management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T08:08:58Z","timestamp":1731658138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Leukocyte Platelet\u2010Rich Plasma\u2010Derived Exosomes Restrained Macrophages Viability and Induced Apoptosis, NO Generation, and M1 Polarization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University Guilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management Centre The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University Guilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiehua","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University Guilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiasong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University Guilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University Guilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University Guilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9954-8531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University Guilin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13687"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13801"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00715-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2023.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202400101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152439"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3616923"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37765\/ajmc.2022.88868"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13030430"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050700"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314933"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11192953"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041216"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/147298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020851"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2422303"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2023.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095284"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087677"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-023-03570-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2022.2142035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.03.079"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052336"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. F.Malange D. M.deSouza J. B. P.Lemes et al. \u201cThe Implications of Brain\u2010Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Biological Activities of Platelet\u2010Rich Plasma \u201dInflammation. 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