{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T23:23:33Z","timestamp":1773098613282,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccination is one of the effective measures to prevent latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from developing into active tuberculosis (TB). Applying bioinformatics methods to pre\u2010evaluate the biological characteristics and immunogenicity of vaccines can improve the efficiency of vaccine development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the immunogenicity of TB vaccine W541 and to explore the application of bioinformatics technology in TB vaccine research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study concatenated the immunodominant sequences of Ag85A, Ag85B,\n                      <jats:italic>Rv3407<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Rv1733c<\/jats:italic>\n                      to construct the W541 DNA vaccine. Then, bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the physicochemical properties, antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and population coverage of the vaccine, to identify its epitopes, and to perform molecular docking with MHC alleles and Toll\u2010like receptor 4 (TLR4) of the host. Finally, the immunogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated in animal experiments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The W541 vaccine protein is a soluble cytoplasmic protein with a half\u2010life of 1.1 h in vivo and an instability index of 45.37. It has good antigenicity and wide population coverage without allergenicity and toxicity. It contains 138 HTL epitopes, 73 CTL epitopes, 8 linear and 14 discontinuous B cell epitopes, and has a strong affinity for TLR4. Immune simulations have shown that it can effectively stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Animal experiments confirmed that the W541 DNA vaccine could effectively activate Th1\u2010 and Th17\u2010type immune responses, producing high levels of IFN\u2010\u03b3 and IL\u201017A, but could not significantly increase antibody levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The W541 DNA vaccine can induce strong cellular immune responses. However, further optimization of the vaccine design is needed to make the expressed protein more stable in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis could reveal the physicochemical and immunological information of vaccines, which is critical for guiding vaccine design and development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T07:36:00Z","timestamp":1732606560000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bioinformatics Analysis and Immunogenicity Assessment of the Novel Multi\u2010Stage DNA Vaccine W541 Against\n                    <i>Mycobacterium Tuberculosis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9743-2188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yourong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis Research, Senior Department of Tuberculosis 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