{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:59:15Z","timestamp":1790949555022,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial coinfection in patients with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection is an important risk factor for death. This study investigated whether there were differences in levels of serum inflammatory markers in COVID\u201019 patients with bacterial coinfections compared with those without bacterial infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 235 inpatients with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection admitted to Qingdao Central Hospital from December 7, 2022, to August 7, 2024, were included. Patients were divided into a bacteria\u2010positive group (115 cases) and a bacteria\u2010negative group (120 cases) according to whether they had bacterial coinfections. PCT, CRP, and 12 kinds of cytokines were compared between groups, and the distribution of bacterial species in the positive group was statistically analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The serum levels of CRP (<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098.94, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), PCT (<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095.59, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), IL\u20101\u03b2 (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094.863, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), IL\u20102 (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095.810, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), IL\u20105 (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093.837, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), IL\u20106 (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094.910, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), IL\u20108 (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093.325, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), ILIL\u201012p70 (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094.722, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), IL\u201017 (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093.315, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) and TNF\u2010\u03b1 (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094.251, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) between the two groups were significantly different. IL\u20104, IL\u201010, IFN\u2010\u03b1, and IFN\u2010\u03b3 were not statistically significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Among the 115 bacteria\u2010positive patients, 56 patients were positive for one species and 59 patients were multiple infections. <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> were common species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum PCT and CRP levels in COVID\u201019 patients with bacterial coinfection are higher than those without bacterial infection. Cytokines such as IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20102, IL\u20105, IL\u20106, IL\u20108, IL\u201012p70, IL\u201017, and TNF\u2010\u03b1 may be involved in the progression of COVID\u201019 combined with bacterial infection. They can be used as potential markers to evaluate the disease condition and prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T14:05:28Z","timestamp":1734530728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Blood Inflammatory Markers and Cytokines in COVID\u201019 Patients With Bacterial Coinfections"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Qingdao Central Hospital Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Qingdao Central Hospital Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinju","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Qingdao Central Hospital Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Qingdao Central Hospital Qingdao China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Peking University First Hospital Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Qingdao Central Hospital Qingdao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine Qingdao Central Hospital Qingdao 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