{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T15:13:44Z","timestamp":1780586024626,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004320","name":"Shiraz University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Co\u2010infection with HIV and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 presents a complex clinical picture. Deciphering the immune response in this population, particularly the role of cytokines underlying immunopathogenesis could elucidates the development of targeted therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective, two\u2010stage study enrolled 75 individuals with HIV diagnosed with COVID\u201019 (case group) and 25 individuals from the general population infected with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 only (control group). COVID\u201019 diagnosis followed World Health Organization guidelines. Plasma cytokine levels were measured using a cytokine bead array.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The case group skewed slightly females (61.2% vs. 42.9% female in the control group) an average age of 3 years older (44.13 years vs. 40.86 years). Importantly, all the case group participants had mild complications, while a significant majority (88.1%) in the control group experienced severe complications. The control group displayed a substantially higher IgM titer 963 IU\/mL compared to only 39.3 IU\/mL in the case group. The control group had significantly higher levels of IL\u20106, IL\u201010, IFN\u2010\u03b3, TNF\u2010\u03b1 compared to the case group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggests a potentially distinct immune response in HIV\u2010positive patients when infected with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. Elucidating these differences could lead to the development of more effective treatment strategies for this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T03:25:43Z","timestamp":1743218743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immune Dysregulation in HIV and COVID\u201019 Co\u2010infection: Therapeutic Implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6818-2563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Nejabat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4993-4034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Motamedifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz Medical School Shiraz University Medical Science Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2347-5204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeid Amirizadeh","family":"Fard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterohepathology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4124-6085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Heydari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soudabeh","family":"Bemani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiraz HIV\/AIDS Research Center (SHARC) Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2020.03111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life13112121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","article-title":"A Multidisciplinary Approach to Opportunistic Infections in a Late\u2010Presenter Person Living With HIV","volume":"11","author":"Bahar A. 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