{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T12:29:57Z","timestamp":1791030597947,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the active compounds, molecular targets, and biological mechanisms of <jats:italic>Salvia miltiorrhiza<\/jats:italic> Bunge (SM) in treating interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (IC\/BPS) through network pharmacology and a cyclophosphamide\u2010induced cystitis model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A network pharmacology approach was used to assess the effects of SM and luteolin in IC\/BPS. Female C57BL\/6 mice were divided into four groups: CON, CON\u2009+\u2009Luteolin, CYP, and CYP\u2009+\u2009Luteolin, with luteolin (100\u2009mg\/kg) administered for CYP\u2010induced cystitis. Histological and molecular analyses, including H&amp;E staining, TUNEL, ELISA, Western blot, and urodynamics, were performed to explore the mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Network pharmacology showed 65 active ingredients and 148 potential targets of SM in the treatment of IC\/BPS, of which luteolin had the highest potential. TP53, AKT1, CCND1, EGFR, and ERBB2 are the core targets, and PI3K\u2010Akt and p53 are important signaling pathways for luteolin in the treatment of IC\/BPS. Compared with the CYP group, the CYP\u2009+\u2009Luteolin group showed significantly lower bladder tissue scores; reduced expression of malondialdehyde, inflammatory factors (IL\u201018, IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106), and apoptosis\u2010related proteins (cleaved\u2010Caspase\u20103, Bax, cleaved\u2010Caspase\u20108); significantly increased expression of total SOD and glutathione; and improved bladder function. Animal experiments have shown that luteolin can block the activation of the PI3K\u2010Akt and p53 signaling pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>SM has a variety of potentially active components for the treatment of IC\/BPS, of which luteolin has the highest potential. Luteolin can inhibit inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis through the p53 and PI3K\u2010Akt signaling pathways and plays a role in treating IC\/PBS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T12:15:41Z","timestamp":1744632941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Active Compounds, Targets, and Mechanisms of <i>Salvia miltiorrhiza<\/i> Bunge in Treating Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4325-6531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 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