{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:58:03Z","timestamp":1781848683170,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to analyze the effects of temporal SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibodies in China before and after both vaccination and natural infection, thereby providing an empirical basis for evaluating the effectiveness of various prevention methods, including vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IgG antibodies against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 were determined using chemiluminescence immunoassays, and antibody data was collected from published articles starting in early 2020 and from patients scheduled for surgery at the Hospital of Dalian Medical University between January 2022 and January 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection epidemic in Wuhan in January 2020 led to a 3.2% seropositivity rate of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibodies (total antibodies). While the seropositivity rate for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibodies in mainland China reached 37.2% following the implementation of China's zero\u2010COVID policy and\u00a0the immunization rate was above 90% in January 2022. By the end of 2022, the Chinese government eased strict control measures, resulting in a SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibody (IgG) positivity rate of 86.7% in January 2023. In January 2024, the positivity rate for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibodies in post\u2010pandemic was recorded at 94.0%. Antibody levels in the early part of 2023 were considerably higher than those measured in January 2022 (68.66 vs. 10.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05); that in early 2024 were not substantially higher than those in January 2023 (49.29 vs. 68.66,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study indicated that the immune barrier established by inactivated vaccines could be disrupted by the natural infection with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, resulting in a higher level of antibody production than vaccination. This effect can last for more than a year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T05:21:15Z","timestamp":1742880075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seroprevalence of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Antibody Before and After Both Vaccination and Natural Infection in China"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Guang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory and Quarantine Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Lina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory and Quarantine Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1262-1168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liu","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory and Quarantine Dalian Medical University Dalian Liaoning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determining Half\u2010Life of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Antigen in Respiratory Secretion","author":"Guang Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research International"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00383"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000030019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.5755"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000040730"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127257"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100191"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.78233"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1354786"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19932820.2024.2348233"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.25717"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00238-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0949-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.09.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108162"}],"container-title":["Immunity, Inflammation and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/iid3.70184","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T07:11:07Z","timestamp":1763709067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/iid3.70184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/iid3.70184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/iid3.70184","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-4527","2050-4527"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-4527","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-4527","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70184"}}