{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:47:22Z","timestamp":1777538842225,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biologic and targeted\u2010synthetic disease\u2010modifying antirheumatic drugs (b\/tsDMARDs), are pivotal in the management of autoimmune\u2010inflammatory disorders, acting by suppressing pathological immune activation. Because of associated immune dysfunction, opportunistic or serious infections (SIs), and latent disease reactivation is frequently reported. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of SIs in patients treated with b\/tsDMARDs in Qatar.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Hamad Medical Corporation, including all the patients treated with one of 10 b\/tsDMARDs, between January 2017 and July 2021. Besides descriptive statistics, the Chi\u2010square test and Kaplan\u2013Meyer survival analysis were used for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Out of 1092 patients, 86 (7.9%) had SIs, with an incidence rate of 39.4 per 1000 patient years. Mean duration of onset was 10.8 months post\u2010initiation of therapy. Younger age groups (18\u201352\u2009years) were predominantly affected. A significant association was observed between the primary diagnosis (rheumatological followed by gastrointestinal, neurological, and dermatological disorders) and the occurrence of SIs (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\u00b2\u2009=\u20099.512, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.050). Adalimumab and infliximab had a higher risk of SIs compared to other b\/tsDMARDs. There was no significant difference between TNF\u2010inhibitors and others. Ocrelizumab was significantly associated with incidence of COVID\u201019 SIs (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\u00b2\u2009=\u200916.84, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0000408), and etanercept with <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> SIs (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\u00b2\u2009=\u200917.51, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0000285). Predominant infection sites were skin\u2013soft tissue and respiratory tract. Most of the SIs were secondary to either bacteria (43%) or viruses (17.4%). The mean duration of hospitalization was 9 days, and 7% of patients required critical care, with no recorded 90\u2010day mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with inflammatory conditions managed with b\/tsDMARDs are at significant risk of SIs, which necessitate appropriate patient selection weighing benefits and risks, as well as careful long\u2010term management that include patient education and relevant preventive therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T05:46:01Z","timestamp":1744695961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk of Serious Infections in Patients Treated With Biologic or Targeted\u2010synthetic Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in 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Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maisa","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Communicable Diseases Center, Infectious Diseases Division, Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nabeel","family":"Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Rheumatology Division, Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2627-685X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javed","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Communicable Diseases Center, Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali S.","family":"Omrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Communicable Diseases Center, Infectious 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