{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:41:54Z","timestamp":1776336114238,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a common viral skin infection caused by members of the Poxviridae family. It primarily affects children, sexually active adults, and immunocompromised individuals. Although MC spreads through direct contact and auto\u2010inoculation, the precise mechanisms by which the virus penetrates the skin barrier remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We applied NanoSuit\u2010correlative light and electron microscopy (NanoSuit\u2010CLEM) to formalin\u2010fixed paraffin\u2010embedded (FFPE) skin sections to visualize MC virus particles in situ with high resolution. Melan\u2010A immunohistochemistry using 3,3\u2032\u2010diaminobenzidine (DAB) with osmium staining was performed to identify Henderson\u2013Patterson bodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ultrastructural analysis revealed that MC virus particles were densely localized in the stratum corneum but did not invade deeper epithelial layers in intact skin. However, in areas of epidermal disruption, such as detached or damaged stratum corneum, the virus was observed penetrating into lower layers. While Melan\u2010A immunostaining successfully detected Henderson\u2013Patterson bodies, it failed to identify mature MC virus particles. In contrast, NanoSuit\u2010CLEM combined with Mayer's hematoxylin and lead staining enabled detailed visualization of mature viral particles and their distribution within the stratum corneum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings provide direct ultrastructural evidence that MC virus entry occurs through compromised skin, underscoring the crucial role of the stratum corneum in barrier function. This study highlights the importance of preventing mechanical skin injury, such as scratching or shaving, to limit MC transmission. NanoSuit\u2010CLEM offers a powerful new tool for studying viral pathogenesis in archival tissue samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]],"date-time":"2025-06-03T07:18:18Z","timestamp":1748935098000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Visualization of Molluscum Contagiosum Virus in FFPE Skin Sections Using NanoSuit\u2010CLEM: Ultrastructural Evidence of Viral Spread via Skin Barrier Disruption"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuri","family":"Sakano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoSuit Research Laboratory, Division of Preeminent Bioimaging Research, Institute of Photonics Medicine Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Shizuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideya","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NanoSuit Research Laboratory, Division of Preeminent Bioimaging Research, Institute of Photonics Medicine Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Shizuoka Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890270203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1970.10667262"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1872213X11666170518114456"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2018.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70109-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00545-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232745"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"282","article-title":"[Molluscum Contagiosum\u2010A Common but Poorly Understood \u2018Childhood Disease\u2019 and Sexually Transmitted Illness]","volume":"36","author":"Stock I.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medizinische Monatsschrift fur Pharmazeuten"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-0960.1999.00327.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2018.02.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01478885.2021.1964872"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896917725805"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-019-0309-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labinv.2022.100020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01278-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32486-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11523-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(76)80006-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.1986.tb01508.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1997.8607"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"Anonymous. 2015. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Site. Molluscum Contagiosum 2024.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/molluscum-contagiosum\/about\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","volume-title":"Bolognia, Deramatology","author":"Mancini A. J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.923777"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Molluscum Contagiosum: Epidemiology, Considerations, Treatment Options, and Therapeutic Gaps","volume":"16","author":"Hebert A. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology"}],"container-title":["Immunity, Inflammation and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/iid3.70212","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T12:48:41Z","timestamp":1754916521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/iid3.70212"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/iid3.70212"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/iid3.70212","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-4527","2050-4527"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-4527","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-4527","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70212"}}