{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T21:01:42Z","timestamp":1785877302495,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005851","name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      has emerged as an opportunistic pathobiont potentially exacerbating ulcerative colitis (UC) through virulence\u2010mediated inflammation. However, the pathogenic role of invasive mucosa\u2010associated\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      in UC remains underexplored. This study characterizes virulence factors and inflammatory responses in\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from UC patients to elucidate their contribution to disease progression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mucosa\u2010associated\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200962) from UC patients were compared to non\u2010UC controls. Virulence genes, including\n                      <jats:italic>kfu<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>magA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>fimH<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>mrkD<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>rmpA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ybtS<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>iutA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>iroN<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>hcp<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>vgrG<\/jats:italic>\n                      , were investigated via PCR. Adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival were assessed in Caco\u20102 and THP\u20101 cells. The relative expression levels of the\n                      <jats:italic>NOD1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>NOD2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>STAT1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>NF\u2010\u03baB<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes were assessed using real\u2010time quantitative PCR. The concentrations of interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2), interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106), and interleukin\u20108 (IL\u20108) were quantified with enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      UC\u2010associated\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates exhibited higher prevalence of adhesion\/invasion genes (e.g.,\n                      <jats:italic>fimH<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 77.4% vs. 46.6%) and enhanced adhesive\/invasive phenotypes (29% adherent, 16.1% invasive) compared to controls. These strains lacked hypervirulence markers (\n                      <jats:italic>rmpA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>magA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) but aligned with classical virulent profiles. Invasive isolates upregulated\n                      <jats:italic>NOD1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>NOD2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>STAT1<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression and significantly increased IL\u20108 secretion (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), amplifying pro\u2010inflammatory responses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Invasive mucosa\u2010associated\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      in UC display distinct virulence traits that promote epithelial invasion and inflammation, potentially driving disease exacerbation. Targeting these pathobionts offers a promising avenue for novel UC therapies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T19:21:57Z","timestamp":1760556117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pathogenic Potential of Invasive Mucosa\u2010Associated\n                    <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    Isolates in Ulcerative Colitis: Characterization of Virulence Factors and Inflammatory Response"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ensieh","family":"Olamafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran 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