{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:58:41Z","timestamp":1773028721622,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with various comorbidities, including macrocytic anemia, though the role of the infection is unclear. HIV has been implicated in microbial translocation and altered immune responses. This study aimed to establish the relationship between gut microbial translocation and immune response, and macrocytic anemia among people with HIV (PWH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty\u2010five PWH on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) were age\u2010matched with 55 HIV\u2010negative individuals. Demographic data and blood samples were collected from February to July 2023. Hematological indices, including red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), were measured. Serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and intrinsic factor autoantibodies (IFAA) were measured using ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of macrocytic anemia was significantly higher in the HIV cohort (43.6%) compared to HIV\u2010negative individuals (1.8%), (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). PWH exhibited higher microbial translocation, characterized by elevated LPS levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). PWH with macrocytic anemia showed significantly increased serum LPS and IFAA levels compared to those without anemia (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Intrinsic factor autoantibodies correlated positively with systolic (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.49,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and diastolic blood pressures (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.31,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), as well as LPS (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.60,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and MCV (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.65,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reports for the first time elevated lipopolysaccharides and intrinsic factor autoantibodies among PWH, and the lipopolysaccharides and intrinsic factor autoantibodies strongly correlated with mean corpuscular volume in the patients. Targeting serum lipopolysaccharides and intrinsic factor autoantibodies may offer a novel therapeutic strategy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T06:41:00Z","timestamp":1771828860000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elevated Serum Lipopolysaccharides and Intrinsic Factor Autoantibodies Correlate With Macrocytic Anemia Among People With HIV"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Amakye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell &amp; Molecular Biology\/West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) University of Ghana Legon Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Accra Technical University Ridge Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osbourne","family":"Quaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell &amp; Molecular Biology\/West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP) University of Ghana Legon Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Upal","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Biomedical Science The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Brownsville Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Puplampu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School University of Ghana Korle Bu Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8649-4344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Ganu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School University of Ghana Korle Bu Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7179-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Ayitey","family":"Tagoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences University of Ghana Korle Bu Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS) \u2018Fact Sheet 2024 \u2010 Latest Global and Regional HIV Statistics on the Status of the AIDS Epidemic\u2019 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13229"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-023-00576-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012241"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13783"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22270\/ujpr.v10i5.1431"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036937"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"170","article-title":"Characteristics of Cytopenia in HIV Positive Individuals","volume":"6","author":"Zayed S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian Hematology Research Journal Volume"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"The Crucial Role of Erythropoietin in Managing Anemia in HIV: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Obeagu E. 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