{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T12:07:03Z","timestamp":1780056423182,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess whether antivirals are associated with a reduced incidence of uveitis following COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a multi\u2010institutional, population\u2010based retrospective cohort study of adults (\u2265\u200918 years) diagnosed with COVID\u201019 between 2022 and 2024. Patients who received antiviral agents (Paxlovid, Molnupiravir, or Remdesivir) within 5 days of diagnosis were matched 1:1 with untreated controls using propensity score matching. Patients with pre\u2010existing uveitis, early\u2010onset uveitis within 5 days of the index date, or underlying systemic inflammatory or infectious diseases were excluded. The primary outcome was new\u2010onset uveitis, with hazard ratios (HRs) calculated across follow\u2010up intervals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After matching, 438,455 patients were included in both the antiviral and non\u2010antiviral groups. Antiviral therapy was associated with a significantly lower risk of uveitis at 3 months (HR\u2009=\u20090.62, 95% CI: 0.45\u20130.87), 6 months (HR\u2009=\u20090.68, 95% CI: 0.54\u20130.87), 1 year (HR\u2009=\u20090.76, 95% CI: 0.64\u20130.91), 3 years (HR\u2009=\u20090.80, 95% CI: 0.70\u20130.92), and all duration (HR\u2009=\u20090.81, 95% CI: 0.71\u20130.93). Subgroup analysis revealed consistent benefit across all age groups, with females experiencing greater protection than males. Significant reductions in uveitis risk were observed among patients with diabetes (HR\u2009=\u20090.68, 95% CI: 0.52\u20130.89), hyperlipidemia (HR\u2009=\u20090.78, 95% CI: 0.65\u20130.95), and heart failure (HR\u2009=\u20090.52, 95% CI: 0.30\u20130.90). Among the antivirals, Paxlovid was associated with a significant risk reduction (HR\u2009=\u20090.83, 95% CI: 0.71\u20130.96), whereas Molnupiravir and Remdesivir showed no statistically significant effect. CEV classification did not show significant improvement. Besides, the risk reduction was evident regardless of prior COVID\u201019 vaccination status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early antiviral treatment for COVID\u201019 such as Paxlovid, is associated with a reduced risk of uveitis. These findings suggest that, in addition to mitigating systemic disease progression, antiviral therapy may confer ocular protective effects, which could be especially meaningful for high\u2010risk populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:55:07Z","timestamp":1778129707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Early COVID\u201019 Antiviral Therapy on the Incidence of Uveitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using the TriNetX Database"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hou\u2010Ting","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2125-9495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan Y.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De\u2010Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9123-5389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing\u2010Qi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1235-0679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Cheng\u2010Chung","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy, Immunology &amp; Rheumatology Chung Shan Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Institute of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning\u2010Yi","family":"Hsia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Optometry Asia University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Ching","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun\u2010Ting","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Optometry Asia University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun\u2010Chi","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Optometry Asia University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7880-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun\u2010Ju","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Optometry Asia University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2489-6601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huan\u2010Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"An\u2010Shin Dialysis Center, Excelsior Renal Service Co. 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