{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T06:42:48Z","timestamp":1782888168891,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014653","name":"Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dandruff features epidermal scaling but lacks overt signs of inflammation, such as erythema. Characterisation of its inflammatory profile may improve understanding of the underlying inflammatory mechanisms and therefore indicate alternative approaches for treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Full\u2010thickness scalp biopsies were sampled from healthy volunteers and those with dandruff. Immunohistochemistry for Ki67 and keratin 16 was used to examine keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Mass spectrometry lipidomics was applied to profile scalp skin barrier lipids and lipid mediators. The presence of immune cells and their cytokine production was examined by flow cytometry. Cytokine and chemokine levels in scalp skin were analysed by cytometric bead array.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased keratinocyte proliferation and aberrant keratinocyte differentiation were observed in dandruff relative to healthy scalp; however, this epidermal dysregulation was not mirrored by alterations to barrier lipid levels. Decreased numbers of innate lymphoid cells and reduced expression of CD86 on antigen\u2010presenting cells, were the few cellular alterations observed in dandruff scalp, suggesting dandruff only subtly changes major skin immune cell populations. Despite this, increased proportions of interleukin\u201017\u2010producing T\u2010cells and increased C\u2010C Motif Chemokine Ligand 17 (CCL17) levels were observed in dandruff scalp, indicative of a low\u2010grade, mixed Type\u20102\/Type17 inflammatory response. Increased levels of N\u2010acyl ethanolamines, including the endocannabinoid anandamide, as well as linoleoyl\u2010 and oleoyl\u2010ethanolamine, were also observed in dandruff scalp which could be responsible for suppressing inflammation to sub\u2010clinical levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that, contrary to being a mere flaking disorder, dandruff involves an altered inflammatory environment consistent with low\u2010grade inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:38:20Z","timestamp":1780547900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dandruff Is a Low\u2010Grade Inflammatory Condition Featuring Hyperproliferative Keratinocytes, Interleukin\u201017\u2010Producing T Cells, and N\u2010Acyl Ethanolamines"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4419-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra C.","family":"Kendall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karishma","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity &amp; Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Linley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity &amp; Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4322-3338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta M.","family":"Koszyczarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Lipidomics and Lipid Biology, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2009-7634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Chandidzura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre University of Manchester Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5371-4427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher E. 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