{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T06:41:08Z","timestamp":1782888068474,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) is an immune\u2010mediated neuropathy that may be influenced by infectious, demographic, and healthcare\u2010related factors. Although increasing attention has been paid to neurological complications during the COVID\u201019 pandemic, the global burden, inequalities, and future trends of GBS remain insufficiently characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This population\u2010based observational epidemiological study used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 to assess the burden of GBS across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. The main outcomes included prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), age\u2010standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), age\u2010standardized YLD rate (ASYR), and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). Analyses were stratified by sex, age group, country, region, and socio\u2010demographic index (SDI). Inequality analysis, decomposition analysis, Joinpoint regression, and Bayesian age\u2010period\u2010cohort modeling were further used to assess socioeconomic disparities, driving factors, temporal changes, and future trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 1990 to 2021, the global burden of GBS increased substantially. In 2021, the global number of prevalent cases reached 471,850, and the ASPR was 5.91 per 100,000 population. The corresponding number of YLDs was 139,639, with an ASYR of 1.75 per 100,000 population. The burden was lowest among children younger than 5 years and increased progressively with age. Males generally had a higher burden than females, particularly among older adults. Low\u2010SDI regions experienced disproportionately higher ASPR and ASYR, indicating substantial global inequalities. The increases observed after 2019 temporally coincided with the COVID\u201019 pandemic; however, this association should be interpreted cautiously. Decomposition analysis suggested that epidemiological changes, population growth, and population aging collectively contributed to the increasing burden of GBS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global burden of GBS increased markedly from 1990 to 2021, with substantial regional, sex\u2010, age\u2010, and SDI\u2010related heterogeneity. The post\u20102019 increase temporally coincided with the COVID\u201019 pandemic, but causal inference should be avoided due to the observational nature of this study. Strengthening neurological surveillance, improving early diagnosis and treatment capacity, and reducing healthcare disparities in low\u2010SDI regions may help mitigate the future burden of GBS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T04:55:52Z","timestamp":1781758552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic Changes and Future Trend Forecasts in the Global Burden of Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 Syndrome: Analysis of 204 Countries and Regions From 1990 to 2021, Including the Impact of the COVID\u201019 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7166-3102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingyu","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Seventh Clinical College Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese 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