{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T13:19:27Z","timestamp":1788182367506,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neurological disorders are a major global health challenge in the current era, and they need new therapeutic treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review evaluates the neurobiological activity of Paeonol (PNL) focusing on its antioxidant, anti\u2010inflammatory, and cognitive enhancing effects in various neurodegenerative disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search (up to March 2025) was conducted via PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and other databases using MeSH terms related to PNL's pharmacology and neuroprotection. Inclusion criteria encompassed preclinical studies (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical trials, while exclusion criteria eliminated non\u2010English papers and non\u2010neurodegenerative research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PNL, a bioactive phenolic compound from\n                      <jats:italic>Paeonia suffruticosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , has shown antioxidative, anti\u2010inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. PNL reduces oxidative stress by boosting the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) while decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. It also reduces neuroinflammation by inhibiting key pathways such as nuclear factor kappa\u2010light\u2010chain\u2010enhancer of activated B cells (NF\u2010\u03baB), toll\u2010like receptor 4 (TLR4), and mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase (MAPK), and it affects apoptosis\u2010related proteins like B\u2010cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl\u20102) and Bcl\u20102\u2010associated X protein (Bax). In Alzheimer's disease (AD) models, PNL reduces amyloid\u2010\u03b2 plaques and some pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines like interleukin\u20101 beta (IL\u20101\u03b2) and tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1), improving cognitive function. For ischemic stroke, it reduces infarction volume and microglial activation by targeting TLR2\/4 and NF\u2010\u03baB. PNL has anticonvulsant effects in epilepsy and protects dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). It also demonstrates anxiolytic and antidepressant properties by modulating Brain\u2010Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), and oxidative stress markers. PNL is quickly absorbed with moderate bioavailability and low blood\u2013brain barrier permeability. It effectively treats unstable angina but is less effective for osteoarthritis pain. Though safe at therapeutic doses, high concentrations can be cytotoxic.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Further clinical research is needed to confirm its neurotherapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:07:21Z","timestamp":1786961241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Paeonol as a Multi\u2010Target Therapy for Neurological Disorders: Mechanistic Insights Into Neuroprotection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7560-4041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. 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