{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:58:02Z","timestamp":1790708282362,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics have rapidly evolved from experimental nucleic acid constructs into a clinically validated therapeutic platform. Their successful application during the COVID\u201019 pandemic accelerated interest in broader therapeutic uses beyond infectious diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review summarizes the expanding therapeutic applications of mRNA technologies, recent technological advances, translational progress, current challenges, and future prospects across diverse medical fields.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive review of the published literature was conducted, synthesizing evidence from preclinical investigations, clinical studies, and recent advances in mRNA engineering, delivery systems, and translational research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Advances in mRNA design, nucleoside modification, codon optimization, and delivery platforms, particularly lipid nanoparticles and emerging organ\u2010targeted carriers, have expanded applications to cancer immunotherapy, personalized vaccines, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, protein replacement therapy, cardiovascular regeneration, neurological disorders, and rare genetic diseases. Emerging technologies, including self\u2010amplifying and circular RNA systems, further enhance therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite significant progress, challenges remain, including optimization of targeted delivery, long\u2010term safety, repeat\u2010dose tolerability, manufacturing complexity, cold\u2010chain requirements, production costs, and equitable global access. Continued technological innovation and regulatory harmonization are critical for successful clinical translation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>mRNA therapeutics are transitioning from a vaccine\u2010centered technology to a versatile platform for precision medicine. Advances in delivery systems, scalable manufacturing, and artificial intelligence\u2010assisted sequence design are expected to accelerate their integration into the treatment of chronic, genetic, and regenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T10:22:21Z","timestamp":1789986141000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["mRNA Therapeutics Beyond Infectious Diseases: Expanding Therapeutic Applications and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5959-5569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gedion Mengistu","family":"Dejen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology Arba Minch University Arba Minch South Ethiopia Regional State Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02645-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2025.102721"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-025-00246-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70434"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1547025"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22271\/phyto.2021.v10.i3Sa.14187"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1675209"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.84529"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcit.2025.100048"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2026.189577"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70612"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20091352"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18699\/vjgb-25-81"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-021-00417-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-023-01020-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-025-01906-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119181"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12081254"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.Ikrar W.Muchsin andA.Sophian \u201cmRNA Vaccine Platforms and Lipid Nanoparticle Delivery Systems: Molecular Advances Clinical Breakthroughs and Regulatory Perspectives (2020\u20132025)\u201d [Internet]. 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