{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:55:23Z","timestamp":1791291323404,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is frequently accompanied by epithelial barrier disruption and tissue remodeling. This study aimed to investigate whether epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibroblast activation, collagen deposition, and TGF\u2010\u03b2\/Smad signaling are coordinated during CRSwNP nasal mucosal remodeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Publicly available single\u2010cell RNA sequencing datasets from two independent human cohorts were integrated to characterize epithelial, fibroblast, and myeloid heterogeneity, disease\u2010associated transcriptional changes, pseudotime dynamics, and cell\u2013cell communication, with CellChat applied to the COLLAGEN and TGF\u2010\u03b2 signaling modules. Immunofluorescence, Masson's trichrome, and periodic acid\u2013Schiff (PAS) staining were performed on nasal polyps from CRSwNP patients and control nasal mucosa. An ovalbumin (OVA)\/\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      enterotoxin B (SEB)\u2010induced CRSwNP\u2010like mouse model, including a dexamethasone intervention arm, was used for histopathological, immunofluorescence, and Western blot validation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In CRSwNP, fibroblasts shifted toward activated, matrix\u2010remodeling states, and epithelial cells displayed enhanced injury\u2010repair and EMT\u2010related features, while TGFB1 was preferentially detected in a GPNMB\u2010expressing macrophage subset expanded in polyps. Potential epithelial\u2013fibroblast communication was enriched within COLLAGEN and TGF\u2010\u03b2 modules, with TGFB1\u2013TGFBR1\/TGFBR2 and COL1A1\u2013SDC4\/CD44 emerging as candidate ligand\u2013receptor pairs. Human polyps showed collagen deposition, \u03b1\u2010SMA\u2013high fibroblast enrichment, EMT\u2010like epithelial changes, and nuclear p\u2010Smad3 accumulation. The mouse model recapitulated this pattern, and dexamethasone partially reversed it at the protein level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrating human single\u2010cell transcriptomics with tissue\u2010 and protein\u2010level validation, this study characterizes a coordinated, TGF\u2010\u03b2\/Smad3\u2010associated epithelial\u2013fibroblast remodeling program underlying collagen deposition in CRSwNP. These candidate axes, together with a macrophage source of TGFB1, offer mechanistic clues to epithelial\u2013fibroblast\u2013immune crosstalk; their partial reversibility by dexamethasone supports pathway\u2010targeted anti\u2010remodeling strategies, while causal roles await spatial and functional validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:22:59Z","timestamp":1791289379000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TGF\u2010\u03b2\/Smad\u2010Associated Epithelial\u2013Fibroblast Remodeling Underlies Collagen Deposition in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6554-167X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Clinical 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