{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:31:46Z","timestamp":1791919906861,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015656","name":"Jahrom University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015656","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV\/AIDS) infected patients have a higher risk of opportunistic infections (OIs) depending on their immunological status, especially CD4\u2009+\u2009cell count. <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are important OIs among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)\/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients. However, little is known about co\u2010infection of these pathogens among HIV\u2010infected individuals and their correlation with the patient's CD4\u2009+\u2009cell count. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the serological and molecular status of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection among HIV\u2010infected individuals who had co\u2010infection with HBV and HCV infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 100 HIV\/AIDS patients in two cities in the southwest of Iran was tested for <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies as well as DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the <jats:italic>RE<\/jats:italic> gene. HBV and HCV were detected by hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test, hepatitis C antibody (HCV Ab) test, and Real\u2010Time PCR. The number of CD4\u2009+\u2009cell counts was determined by Flow cytometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti\u2010<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> IgG was positive in 22% of the patients, but anti\u2010<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> IgM and PCR were negative in all samples. HBV and HCV were positive in 8% and 33% of the patients, respectively. Co\u2010infections were as followed: HIV\u2009+\u2009HCV (16%), HIV\u2009+\u2009HCV\u2009+\u2009<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> (11%), HIV\u2009+\u2009<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> (5%), HIV\u2009+\u2009HBV (1%), HIV\u2009+\u2009HBV\u2009+\u2009<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> (1%), HIV\u2009+\u2009HBV\u2009+\u2009HCV (1%), and HIV\u2009+\u2009HBV\u2009+\u2009HCV\u2009+\u2009<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> (5%). A significant decline in CD4\u2009+\u2009cell counts was found in such co\u2010infection groups (HIV\u2009+\u2009<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>, HIV\u2009+\u2009HCV\u2009+\u2009<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>, and HIV\u2009+\u2009HBV\u2009+\u2009HCV\u2009+\u2009<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>) compared with the HIV mono\u2010infection group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study showed that co\u2010infections of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>, HCV, and HBV were common among HIV\u2010infected patients and co\u2010infections had a negative correlation with CD4\u2009+\u2009cell counts of the patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T08:40:20Z","timestamp":1677141620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["<i>Toxoplasma 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