{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T13:08:34Z","timestamp":1790341714105,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The anti\u2010coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) vaccines are of paramount importance in the fight against the COVID\u201019 pandemic. Both viral vector\u2010 and nucleic acid\u2010based vaccines are known to effectively induce protection against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) virus by generating high antibody titers and effective T\u2010cell responses to the spike protein they encode. Although these vaccines are being applied worldwide and have been extensively investigated, the immunomorphological events at the vaccination site with respect to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike protein expression have not yet been described.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We had the opportunity to examine the deltoid muscles of three men who died shortly after vaccination for unrelated reasons. We examined the vaccination sites histologically and immunohistochemically with various antibodies. Furthermore we incubated two different cell lines with one vaccine and examined the expression of the spike protein.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The vaccination sites show a dense lymphohistiocytic interstitial infiltrate which surrounds the small vessels and extends into the perimysium. The spike protein is expressed by histiocytic cells with a dendritic shape that are CD68\u2010positive and CD207\u2010negative, fibrocytes, and very rare S100\u2010positive cells. Interestingly, the skeletal muscle, being constitutively human leukocyte antigen (HLA)\u2010A,B,C\u2010negative, is induced at different levels in each specimen. In a cell culture experiment, we confirmed the ability of fibroblasts and interdigitating dendritic sarcoma cells to express spike protein in vitro after incubation with the Comirnaty vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Histiocytic cells and fibrocytes are the heralds of spike protein synthesis at the vaccination site. The underlying cause of this apparent cell specifity is unknown. This needs to be investigated in future experiments, for example in an animal model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T08:37:59Z","timestamp":1680079079000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Emergence of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike protein at the vaccination site"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3912-7749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annika","family":"Beck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Ulm  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Dietenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Ulm  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian N.","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Medicine University Ulm  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Mellert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Ulm  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"M\u00f6ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology University Hospital of Ulm  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00578-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112527"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003533"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197902"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.103670"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.1507211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c04996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2016-0070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073313"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.11.3524"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15081017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.22269"}],"container-title":["Immunity, Inflammation and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/iid3.827","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T18:21:57Z","timestamp":1692555717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/iid3.827"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/iid3.827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/iid3.827","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-4527","2050-4527"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-4527","type":"print"},{"value":"2050-4527","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e827"}}