{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T01:40:23Z","timestamp":1793497223755,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity Inflam &amp;amp; Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is still a significant global health problem despite therapeutic advancements. Ribavirin and interferon therapy have been the sole available treatments for HCV infection for a number of years with low efficacy. Thus, currently, a number of therapeutic strategies are being used, including nanoparticles (NPs), micro\u2010RNAs such as small interfering RNA (siRNA), RNAi\u2010based gene silencing and antisense oligonucleotide\u2010based microRNA\u2010122, microRNA\u2010155, and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), and immunotherapeutic approaches such as anti\u2010programmed cell death 1(PD\u20101), monoclonal antibodies (mAb\u00a0or moAb), and monocyte\u2010derived dendritic cells (Mo\u2010DCs). Furthermore, direct\u2010acting antivirals (DAAs) and host\u2010targeting agents (HTA) were also the current therapeutic approaches with great efficacy. In spite of different clinical trials on HCV vaccine developments, nowadays there is no effective HCV vaccine in opposition to virus due to various challenges including genetic diversity, lack of immunocompetent small animal models, shortage of HCV vaccination testing alternatives, lack of an effective tissue culture method for replicating HCV, and inadequate knowledge regarding to immune responses against HCV infection. Nowadays, mRNA vaccine, recombinant viral vector, peptides vaccine, virus\u2010like particles, DNA vaccine, rational designed vaccine, and recombinant polyantigenic T\u2010cell\u2010based vaccine are novel promising candidates for HCV vaccine based on various clinical trials. This review summarizes the different therapeutic approaches and the advancements of vaccine candidates for HCV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T11:49:37Z","timestamp":1693223377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Therapeutic strategies and promising vaccine for hepatitis C virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1467-2724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adane","family":"Adugna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology, Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences Debre Markos University  Debre Markos 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