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A detailed study carried out on viral gene expression in these tumours, using both fresh material and methanol\u2010fixed FNAs, showed, contrary to prediction, that most belong to a variant \u201cclass II\u201d latency category, with lytic cycle\u2013related genes also expressed. That is, in addition to <jats:italic>EBNA1<\/jats:italic> expression, membrane proteins (<jats:italic>LMP1\/2A<\/jats:italic>), immediate early <jats:italic>(BZLF1)<\/jats:italic> and early <jats:italic>(IR2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>IR4)<\/jats:italic> genes, a putative viral oncogene <jats:italic>(BARF1)<\/jats:italic>, CST <jats:italic>(BART)<\/jats:italic> antisense transcripts and the viral <jats:italic>bcl<\/jats:italic>\u20102 homologue are expressed in a high proportion of the BLs. Most, but not all, express the small viral (<jats:italic>EBER<\/jats:italic>) RNAs. Two other significant observations were made: <jats:italic>(i)<\/jats:italic> in addition to expression of cellular cytokine (<jats:italic>IL\u201010<\/jats:italic>) transcripts in all tumours investigated, the normally silent viral <jats:italic>IL\u201010<\/jats:italic> homologue was expressed in some tumours; <jats:italic>(ii)<\/jats:italic> whereas <jats:italic>EBNA1<\/jats:italic> expression from its restricted Qp promoter was generally observed, the nonrestricted Cp\/Wp promoter was also active in some tumours. Viral gene expression in the Malawian [endemic (e)] BLs appears to be more promiscuous than predicted from other studies, but expression accords with the cytopathologic picture of eBLs as a rapidly proliferating cell population accompanied by considerable necrosis, and a clinically diverse disease. A small\u2010scale study of relapse Malawian BLs revealed a different picture of viral association, more akin to systemic BL than eBL, where EBV appears to be absent or present only at very low levels. The significance of these findings is considered. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T23:29:46Z","timestamp":1030318186000},"page":"635-643","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Promiscuous expression of Epstein\u2010Barr virus genes in Burkitt's lymphoma from the central African country Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Shao\u2010an","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise G.","family":"Labrecque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi\u2010Long","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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