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The first question is answered by comparing the occurrence of cancer in twins to that in singletons; the second is answered in probandwise analysis of monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins or siblings. We used the nationwide Swedish Family\u2010Cancer Database on 10.2 million individuals and 62,574 0\u201366\u2010year\u2010old twins to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all main cancer compared to cancer in singletons. In probandwise analysis, the SIR was calculated for the co\u2010twin of an affected twin. The overall risk of cancer in same or opposite sex twins was at the level of the risk for singletons. Testicular cancer was increased among same sex twins and all twins to an SIR of 1.43. Melanoma was decreased in these groups of twins to an SIR of 0.84. Some other cancer sites were increased or decreased in some groups of twins, but none in all twins. The SIR of breast cancer was 1.01 and 1.04 in same and opposite sex twins, respectively. Probandwise analysis showed increased risks for Hodgkin's disease in males and breast cancer and childhood acute lymphoid leukemia among females. The data on this unselected population of twins suggest that twinning <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic> is not a risk factor of cancer. However, because twins are smaller than singletons at birth, some possible effects could be masked by such differences. <jats:italic>In utero<\/jats:italic> hormonal exposures may be related to the risk of testicular cancer. The protective effects in melanoma may be due to socioeconomic factors. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T23:29:46Z","timestamp":1030318186000},"page":"873-878","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Cancer risks in twins: Results from the Swedish family\u2010cancer database"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Kari","family":"Hemminki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","volume-title":"Human genetics: problems and approaches","author":"Vogel F","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.4.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007133430201"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91000-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.1.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116444"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)05526-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"271","article-title":"Breast cancer risk in monozygotic and dizygotic female twins: a 20\u2010year population\u2010based cohort study in Finland from 1976 to 1995","author":"Verkasalo PK","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.3.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200106000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)05111-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1025>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.1.60"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19960807)67:4<472::AID-IJC2>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.1827"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19960101)77:1<138::AID-CNCR23>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1998.716"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860152619214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/82533"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/onc.40.4.439.444"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","volume-title":"Cancer incidence in Sweden 1998","author":"Stockholm Centre for Epidemiology","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2000.1585"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"469","article-title":"A cohort study of twins and cancer","volume":"4","author":"Braun MM","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200005000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018472530653"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1998.196"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.1811"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018440801577"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(99)00296-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402351"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502163320701"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19970529)71:5<800::AID-IJC18>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06524-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","unstructured":"HemminkiK Granstr\u00f6mC.Familial breast cancer risks by morphology: a nation\u2010wide epidemiologic study from Sweden. 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