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The purpose of our study was to examine the relationship between COX\u20102 (with the resulting prostaglandins E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and PPAR\u03b3 (and its natural endogenous ligand 15\u2010Deoxy\u2010\u0394<jats:sup>12,14<\/jats:sup>\u2010prostaglandin J<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, 15d\u2010PGJ<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) at various stages during the development of human breast cancer and its progression to metastasis. Human breast tissue specimens were collected from normal breasts or from individuals with fibrocystic disease and served as controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 22). Tissues were also collected from uninvolved (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 25), tumor (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 25) and lymph node metastasis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 15) regions from breast cancer patients. COX\u20102 and PPAR\u03b3 mRNA expression were increased and downregulated, respectively, in tissues from cancer patients compared to controls. Metastatic tissues tended to have higher alterations compared to non\u2010metastatic tissues (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). These altered expressions in COX\u20102 and PPAR\u03b3 were paralleled by increases in the tissue levels of PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and decreases in 15d\u2010PGJ<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. A significant inverse correlation was found between PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and 15\u2010d\u2010PGJ<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.51, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Significant correlations (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) were also obtained between COX\u20102 and PPAR\u03b3 mRNA (inverse, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.72) and between COX\u20102 and PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (direct, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.68). Increases in COX\u20102 mRNA expression and levels of PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and down\u2010regulation of PPAR\u03b3 mRNA expression and 15d\u2010PGJ<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels were characterized as predictors of breast cancer risk (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Our results suggest that the altered expression of COX\u20102 and PPAR\u03b3 and the subsequent modulation in the tissue levels of PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and 15\u2010d\u2010PGJ<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> may influence the development of human breast cancer and its progression to metastasis. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,19]],"date-time":"2002-12-19T13:59:09Z","timestamp":1040306349000},"page":"84-90","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Expression of cyclooxygenase\u20102 and peroxisome proliferator\u2010activated receptor\u2010\u03b3 and levels of prostaglandin E<sub>2<\/sub> and 15\u2010deoxy\u2010\u0394<sup>12,14<\/sup>\u2010prostaglandin J<sub>2<\/sub> in human breast cancer and metastasis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Alaa 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