{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:45:12Z","timestamp":1791049512188,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,29]],"date-time":"2003-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1051574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined effects of obesity and lifetime exercise patterns on postmenopausal breast cancer risk according to family history in a large population\u2010based case control study conducted in Los Angeles County, California, because we hypothesized that both factors would affect risk through similar mechanistic pathways, and that their effects would be stronger among women with a family history. We studied 1,883 postmenopausal breast cancer case subjects and 1,628 postmenopausal control subjects ranging in age from 55\u201372 years. Cases were diagnosed with incident breast cancer in the late 1980s and 1990s. Controls were individually matched to case subjects on age, ethnic origin and neighborhood. In\u2010person interviews determined known breast cancer risk factors including: height, weight, lifetime exercise, and family history of breast and other cancers. Breast cancer risk was raised among women who had at least 1 first\u2010degree relative with breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 1.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36\u20132.08). Risk increased with increasing levels of body\u2010mass index (wt\u2010kg\/ht\u2010m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010trend = 0.005). Breast cancer risk was reduced among women who maintained, on average, 17.6 metabolic equivalent of energy expenditure (MET)\u2010hr of activity\/week from menarche onward (OR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.48\u20130.90). Body\u2010mass index, adjusted for lifetime exercise, was strongly associated with breast cancer risk among women with a positive family history of breast cancer (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010trend &lt; 0.0001), but only weakly associated among women with no family history (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010trend = 0.08; homogeneity of trends <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0005). In contrast, the risk reduction associated with exercise activity, adjusting for body\u2010mass index, was limited to women without a family history of breast cancer (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010trend = 0.001; homogeneity of trends <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.005). Body\u2010mass index and exercise activity, both modifiable risk factors for breast cancer, seem to have differential effects depending on a woman's family history of breast cancer, and may impact risk through different biological mechanisms. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,4]],"date-time":"2003-06-04T10:07:59Z","timestamp":1054721279000},"page":"96-102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Effect of family history, obesity and exercise on breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Catherine L.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald K.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annlia","family":"Paganini\u2010Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114842"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2270482"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7545954"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.23.1824"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.05.050184.000245"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550170037029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.6.514"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"3711","article-title":"Obesity, hormones, and cancer","volume":"41","author":"Kirschner MA","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1987.262"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.1.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/86.18.1403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199705013361801"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.19.2290"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690610"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.2.128"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200111000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116267"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115234"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.4.328"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199301000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","unstructured":"Epicenter Software. 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