{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T07:34:12Z","timestamp":1791272052208,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,5]],"date-time":"2001-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1002240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thyroid cancer is the second most common neoplasm among women in Kuwait and several other countries in the Middle East. Most of these countries also have relatively high birth and total fertility rates. To examine potential relationships between reproductive and hormonal factors and thyroid cancer, we conducted a population\u2010based case\u2010control interview study among 238 women diagnosed with thyroid cancer and a similar number of individually matched controls in Kuwait. Among the demographic variables, women with 12+ years of education had a significantly reduced risk of thyroid cancer (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2\u20130.8; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010trend &lt;0.05). The average age at diagnosis (\u00b1SD) of thyroid cancer was 34.7 \u00b1 11 years. Events such as age at menarche, pregnancy, menopausal status and age at menopause were not associated with thyroid cancer. There was an association with age at last pregnancy and parity. Women who had their last pregnancy at ages \u226530 years were at a significantly increased risk (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.2\u20133.8); there was also a significant trend in risk with increasing age at last pregnancy. There was a modest increase in risk among women who had borne \u22655 children (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 0.9\u20132.5). A joint analysis of these factors showed that childbearing during the latter half of reproductive life had a substantial effect on the incidence of thyroid cancer; for any given level of parity, there was about a 2\u2010fold increased risk if the age at last pregnancy was \u226530 years. A substantial recent\u2010birth effect, in relation to subsequent diagnosis of thyroid cancer, was observed during the second and third year after a birth (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.0\u20134.1). In contrast, spontaneous abortion seemed to have a protective effect. There was a significant decrease in risk among women who had a miscarriage as outcome of first pregnancy (OR = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.03\u20130.4) and those who had experienced \u22653 miscarriages (OR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1\u20130.8; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010trend &lt;0.05). Overall, any female hormone use was not associated with thyroid cancer risk. New association is suggested for a history of post\u2010partum thyroiditis (OR = 10.2; 95% CI: 2.3\u201344.8). These data support the hypothesis that reproductive factors and patterns may influence, or contribute to, the risk of thyroid cancer among women. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.1573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T22:13:08Z","timestamp":1030313588000},"page":"82-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Epidemiology of reproductive and hormonal factors in thyroid cancer: Evidence from a case\u2010control study in the Middle East"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Anjum","family":"Memon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Darif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Al\u2010Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajitha","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","series-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Parkin DM","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008851613024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008880429862"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008832513932"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"The epidemiology of thyroid carcinoma","volume":"4","author":"Franceschi S","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncog"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Etiology of thyroid cancer: an epidemiological overview","volume":"6","author":"Salabe GB","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thyroidology Clin Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"1000","volume-title":"Cancer epidemiology and prevention","author":"Ron E","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4945-1_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03348095"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"TSH and thyroid cancer","volume":"23","author":"Williams ED","year":"1990","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(70)90098-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"176","article-title":"Serum and urinary levels of thyroid hormones in normal pregnancy","volume":"44","author":"Rastogi GK","year":"1974","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-14-2-194"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03348862"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","first-page":"7662","article-title":"Effects of sex difference, gonadectomy and estrogen on N\u2010methyl\u2010N\u2010nitrosourea induced rat thyroid tumors","volume":"50","author":"Mori M","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1991.tb01739.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","unstructured":"Cancer incidence in Oman.National Cancer Registry Non\u2010Communicable Diseases Control Section Directorate General of Health Affairs Ministry of Health Sultanate of Oman 1997."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","unstructured":"Cancer incidence report (draft).Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Gulf Centre for Cancer Registration Saudi Arabia 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","unstructured":"Cancer incidence report.National Cancer Registry Ministry of Health Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1994\u201396."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","series-title":"Statistical methods in cancer research","volume-title":"The analysis of case\u2010control studies","author":"Breslow NE","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800660217"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","unstructured":"Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia.Demographic and related socio\u2010economic data sheets. 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Ministry of Health Kuwait 1991."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Thyroid cancer","author":"Biddinger P"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"The influence of reproductive and hormonal factors on thyroid cancer in women","volume":"38","author":"Franceschi S","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Epid\u00e9m Sant\u00e9 Publ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000227201"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010276"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00051679"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1992.163"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113907"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1987.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A population\u2010based case\u2010control study of thyroid cancer","volume":"79","author":"Ron E","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00050862"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116882"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199411000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.6.140"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00117474"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","first-page":"425","article-title":"Reproductive history and cigarette smoking as risk factors for thyroid cancer in women: a population\u2010based case\u2010control study","volume":"5","author":"Galanti MR","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","first-page":"991","article-title":"Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for thyroid cancer in Los Angeles County females","volume":"8","author":"Mack WJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910490606"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","first-page":"292","article-title":"Incidence of thyroid cancer in women in relation to known or suspected risk factors for breast cancer","volume":"47","author":"McTiernan AM","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03348726"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000050337"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008833422577"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200001000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","first-page":"1306","article-title":"Epidemiology of smoking among Kuwaiti adults: prevalence, characteristics and attitudes","volume":"78","author":"Memon A","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","first-page":"431","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity among adult Kuwaitis: a cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Al\u2010Isa AN","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Obes"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fijc.1573","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijc.1573","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T17:54:58Z","timestamp":1696874098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ijc.1573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,5]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ijc.1573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.1573","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7136","1097-0215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7136","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,5]]}}}