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We compared 2 types of HTLV\u2010I associated cell lines: one was derived from leukemic cells (leukemic cell line) and the other from nonleukemic cells (nonleukemic cell line). Although all nonleukemic cell lines expressed Tax, it could not be detected in 3 of 5 leukemic cell lines, in which nonsense mutation or deletion (60 bp) of <jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic> genes, and DNA methylation in 5\u2032\u2010LTR were identified as the responsible changes. We found such genetic changes of the <jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic> gene in 5 of 47 fresh ATL cases (11%). The <jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic> gene transcripts could be detected in 14 of 41 fresh ATL cases (34%) by RT\u2010PCR. In ATL cases with genetic changes that could not produce Tax protein, the <jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic> gene was frequently transcribed, suggesting that such cells do not need the transcriptional silencing. Although DNA methylation of 5\u2032\u2010LTR was detected in the fresh ATL cases (19 of 28 cases; 68%), the complete methylation associated with transcriptional silencing was observed only in 4 cases. Since partial methylation could not silence the transcription, and the <jats:italic>tax<\/jats:italic> gene transcription was not detected in 27 of 41 cases (66%), the epigenetic change(s) other than DNA methylation is considered to play an important role in the silencing. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,26]],"date-time":"2004-02-26T20:30:21Z","timestamp":1077827421000},"page":"559-567","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":332,"title":["Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of <i>tax<\/i> gene in adult T\u2010cell leukemia 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