{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T18:49:54Z","timestamp":1778611794190,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,13]],"date-time":"2004-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1076630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incidence rates for breast carcinoma <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> (CIS) have increased markedly over the past 20 years. Breast CIS, detected primarily on mammography, now represents 30\u201345% of all screened detected breast cancers. We conducted a large population\u2010based case\u2010control study to evaluate the impact of reproductive factors and lactation on breast CIS risk. Case subjects were newly diagnosed with breast CIS at ages 35\u201364 years between March 1, 1995 and May 31, 1998 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 567), resided in Los Angeles County and were born in the United States. Control subjects (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 614), identified through random digit dialing, fulfilled the same eligibility criteria and were required to have had at least one screening mammogram in the 2\u2010year period before their interview. Women with a positive family history of breast cancer had a 2\u2010fold increase in breast CIS risk. Parous women were at reduced risk relative to nulligravid women (odds ratio [OR] = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.46\u20131.00). Among nulliparous women, pregnancy was unrelated to breast CIS risk. Among parous women, risk declined with each additional term pregnancy (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010trend = 0.003). No associations were found with age at first term pregnancy, induced abortion or miscarriage. Long duration of breast\u2010feeding (\u226524 months) was associated with increased risk (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.11\u20133.60). The observed effects of family history and pregnancy on breast CIS risk are consistent with those observed for invasive breast cancer. The results for breast\u2010feeding are contrary to what has been observed in studies of invasive breast cancer. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,26]],"date-time":"2004-03-26T08:05:53Z","timestamp":1080288353000},"page":"102-109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Impact of reproductive factors and lactation on breast carcinoma <i>in situ<\/i> risk"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Meeske","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Press","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alpa","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530360023033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/82.19.1546"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00053123"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00666422"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimono\/1997.22.151","article-title":"Increases in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in relation to mammography: a dilemma [Monograph]","volume":"22","author":"Ernster VL","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","volume-title":"SEER cancer statistics review, 1973\u20131997","author":"Ries LA","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1983.03330280029024","article-title":"Epidemiology of minimal breast cancer","volume":"249","author":"Brinton LA","year":"1983","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"961","article-title":"Risk factors for in situ breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Longnecker MP","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.248"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"77","article-title":"Comparison of risk factors for ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancer","volume":"89","author":"Kerlikowske K","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19980729)77:3<330::AID-IJC3>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.22.2091"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"697","article-title":"Risk factors for carcinoma in situ of the breast","volume":"9","author":"Trentham\u2010Dietz A","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.23.1811"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(95)00128-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11768"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(01)00274-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","volume-title":"International classification of diseases for oncology (ICD\u2010O)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(89)90161-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4108-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","volume-title":"Epidemiologic research: Principles and quantitative methods","author":"Kleinbaum G","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03350370104033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000301)88:5 <1230::AID-CNCR9>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","first-page":"297","article-title":"Role of hCG and inhibin in breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Russo IH","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104938"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","first-page":"741","article-title":"Estrogen and sex hormone binding globulin levels in nulliparous and parous women","volume":"74","author":"Bernstein L","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","first-page":"1035","article-title":"Higher maternal levels of free estradiol in first compared to second pregnancy. 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