{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:51:58Z","timestamp":1790473918709,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,19]],"date-time":"2004-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1077148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The milk sugar lactose is an hypothesized risk factor for epithelial ovarian cancer because of possible direct toxic effects of its metabolites on oocytes or by compensatory gonadotropin stimulation. Women are presently encouraged to consume dairy products as a source of calcium to prevent osteoporosis. The objective of our study was to prospectively assess lactose, milk and milk product consumption in relation to ovarian cancer risk among 80,326 participants in the Nurses' Health Study who had no history of cancer other than nonmelanoma skin cancer. Participants in the Nurses' Health Study reported on known and suspected ovarian cancer risk factors in questionnaires mailed biennially from 1976 to 1996. Food frequency questionnaires were included in the years 1980, 1984, 1986 and 1990. Newly reported ovarian cancer was documented by review of medical records. During 16 years of follow\u2010up (1980\u20131996), 301 cases of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer were confirmed. Pooled logistic regression was used to control for age, body mass index (kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), caffeine intake, oral contraceptive use, smoking history, parity and tubal ligation. For all subtypes of invasive ovarian cancer combined, we observed a nonsignificant 40% greater risk for women in the highest category of lactose consumption compared to the lowest (multivariate relative risk (RR) 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.98\u20132.01). We observed a 2\u2010fold higher risk of the serous ovarian cancer subtype among those in the highest category of lactose consumption compared to the lowest (RR 2.07, 95% CI, 1.27\u20133.40). For each 11\u2010gram increase in lactose consumption (the approximate amount in one glass of milk), we observed a 20% increase in risk of serous cancers (RR 1.20, 95% CI, 1.04\u20131.39). Skim and low\u2010fat milk were the largest contributors to dietary lactose. Women who consumed one or more servings of skim or low\u2010fat milk daily had a 32% higher risk of any ovarian cancer (RR 1.32, 95% CI, 0.97\u20131.82) and a 69% higher risk of serous ovarian cancer (RR 1.69, 95% CI, 1.12\u20132.56) compared to women consuming 3 or less servings monthly. Controlling for fat intake did not change our findings. Our findings provide some support for the hypothesis that lactose intake increases risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. However, the observed excess risk appeared limited to the serous subtype of ovarian cancer in our study. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,31]],"date-time":"2004-03-31T18:01:46Z","timestamp":1080756106000},"page":"271-277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["A prospective study of dietary lactose and ovarian cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Fairfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham A.","family":"Colditz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles S.","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Cramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank E.","family":"Speizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter C.","family":"Willett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Hankinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","unstructured":"American Cancer Society. Cancer Statistics www.cancer.org. Atlanta 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(79)91435-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","first-page":"717","article-title":"Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. II. Inferences regarding pathogenesis","volume":"71","author":"Cramer DW","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.23.1774"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","unstructured":"FerlayJ BrayF PisaniP ParkinDM.GLOBOCAN 2000: Cancer Incidence Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide version 1.0. IARC CancerBase No. 5 Lyon IARC Press 2001."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Studies of Japanese migrants. I. Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States","volume":"40","author":"Haenszel W","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198104233041702"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80697-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"711","article-title":"Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. I. Reproductive experiences and family history","volume":"71","author":"Cramer DW","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90313-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19861201)58:11<2363::AID-CNCR2820581102>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115423","article-title":"Lactase persistence and milk consumption as determinants of ovarian cancer risk","volume":"130","author":"Cramer DW","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115729","article-title":"A case\u2010control study of milk\u2010drinking and ovarian cancer risk","volume":"132","author":"Mettlin CJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589109514132"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01831382"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117443","article-title":"Lactose and galactose intake and metabolism in relation to the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"141","author":"Herrinton LJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008891714412"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","first-page":"95","article-title":"A case\u2010control study of galactose consumption and metabolism in relation to ovarian cancer","volume":"9","author":"Cramer DW","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009723"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520240070044","article-title":"Consensus Development Panel on Optimal Calcium Intake","volume":"272","author":"National Institutes of Health","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114086"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114780"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114319"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.4.858"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","volume-title":"Composition of foods: raw, processed, prepared","author":"Department of Agriculture","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19950715)76:2<284::AID-CNCR2820760219>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","first-page":"708","article-title":"A quantitative assessment of oral contraceptive use and risk of ovarian cancer","volume":"80","author":"Hankinson SE","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116427"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198703123161102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113804"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/126.2.319"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780091214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20011101)92:9<2318::AID-CNCR1578>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114366"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009849"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.1997.6.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008937"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199911000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.9.860"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10613"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(99)00302-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.17.1330"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","first-page":"852","article-title":"Dietary correlates of plasma insulin\u2010like growth factor I and insulin\u2010like growth factor binding protein 3 concentrations","volume":"11","author":"Holmes MD","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-15-1-80"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-8258(03)00088-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009978"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7302587"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59784-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.7.2633"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.1380010303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_2","first-page":"630","article-title":"Galactosemia: a strategy to identify new biochemical phenotypes and molecular genotypes","volume":"56","author":"Elsas LJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_2","first-page":"1030","article-title":"A common mutation associated with the Duarte galactosemia allele","volume":"54","author":"Elsas LJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_2","first-page":"366","article-title":"Molecular basis for Duarte and Los Angeles variant galactosemia","volume":"60","author":"Langley SD","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19980911)77:6<825::AID-IJC4>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19940815)74:4<1309::AID-CNCR2820740421>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014384027523"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.252.6.799"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90425-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.6.992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009082"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6704.889"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.543s"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fijc.20086","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ijc.20086","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T11:43:05Z","timestamp":1700221385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ijc.20086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,19]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ijc.20086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.20086","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7136","1097-0215"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7136","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0215","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,19]]}}}