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However, the scarcity of HTLV\u2010I\u2010expression and the presence of defective HTLV\u2010I\u2010proviruses in adult T cell leukemia (ATL) cells have raised controversy about the therapeutic potential of HTLV\u2010I\u2010targeted immunotherapy in humans. We investigated the expression of HTLV\u2010I antigens in fresh ATL cells by using both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> assays. In flow cytometric analysis, we found that 3 of 5 acute\u2010type and six of fifteen chronic\u2010type ATL patients tested showed significant induction of HTLV\u2010I Tax and Gag in their ATL cells in a 1\u2010day culture. Concomitantly with HTLV\u2010I\u2010expression, these ATL cells expressed co\u2010stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86 and OX40, and showed elevated levels of antigenicity against allogeneic T cells and HTLV\u2010I Tax\u2010specific cytotoxic T\u2010lymphocytes (CTL). Representative CTL epitopes restricted by HLA\u2010A2 or A24 were conserved in 4 of 5 acute\u2010type ATL patients tested. Furthermore, spleen T cells from rats, which had been subcutaneously inoculated with formalin\u2010fixed uncultured ATL cells, exhibited a strong interferon gamma\u2010producing helper T cell responses specific for HTLV\u2010I Tax\u2010expressing cells. Our study indicated that ATL cells from about half the patients tested readily express HTLV\u2010I antigens including Tax <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, and that ATL cells express sufficient amounts of Tax or Tax\u2010induced antigens to evoke specific T cell responses <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,18]],"date-time":"2004-11-18T16:48:23Z","timestamp":1100796503000},"page":"257-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Potential immunogenicity of adult T cell leukemia cells <i>in 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