{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:17:42Z","timestamp":1790432262187,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,4]],"date-time":"2005-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1115164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl Journal of Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thyroid cancer incidence rates have increased steadily in the United States and elsewhere. Radiation exposure at a young age is a strong risk factor, but otherwise the etiology is unclear. To explore etiologic clues, we studied the risk of thyroid cancer after an earlier primary cancer, as well as the risk of developing multiple primaries after an earlier thyroid cancer in the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology and End\u2010Results (SEER) cancer registries program (1973\u20132000). In 2,036,597 patients diagnosed with any invasive cancer who survived for a minimum of 2 months, we observed a 42% increased risk compared to the general population for second thyroid cancer based on 1,366 cases (95% confidence interval (CI) = 35\u201350%; excess absolute risk (EAR) = 0.38\/10,000 person\u2010years (PY)). Elevated risks were observed after most cancer sites studied. The most pronounced excess (observed\/expected (O\/E) = 2.86) was seen for second thyroid cancers detected in the year after diagnosis of the first cancer. Among 29,456 2\u2010month thyroid cancer survivors, 2,214 second cancers occurred (O\/E = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.06\u20131.15; EAR = 7.64\/10,000 PY). Again, the highest risk was seen in the first year (O\/E = 1.26). Patients &lt;40 years of age at diagnosis of thyroid cancer had a 39% increased risk of a second cancer, whereas for older patients the risk was elevated 6%. We observed consistently increased risks for cancers of the breast, prostate, and kidney, and a likely radiation treatment\u2010related excess of leukemia. Based on small numbers of cases, cancers of the salivary glands, trachea, scrotum, adrenal glands, and brain and central nervous system (CNS) also occurred in excess. A decreased risk was observed for smoking\u2010related malignancies. Thyroid cancer is associated with primary cancers of many different organs. Although enhanced medical surveillance likely plays a role, 2\u2010way, positive associations between thyroid cancer and cancers of the breast, prostate, kidney, salivary glands, brain and CNS, scrotum, and leukemia suggest etiologic similarities and possible treatment effects. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,7]],"date-time":"2005-05-07T00:46:48Z","timestamp":1115426808000},"page":"281-288","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Thyroid cancer and multiple primary tumors in the SEER cancer registries1"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9cile M.","family":"Ronckers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"McCarron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Ron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","unstructured":"http:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/csr\/1975_2001\/results_merged\/sect_25_thyroid.pdf accessed April 27 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19950101)75:1+<338::AID-CNCR2820751316>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Endocrine gland cancer","volume":"75","author":"Correa P","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.54.1.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)65285-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008880429862"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"3232","article-title":"Endogenous hormones as a major factor in human cancer","volume":"42","author":"Henderson BE","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008907227706"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.37.11.828"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.5.1755"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Familial occurrence of nonmedullary thyroid cancer: a population\u2010based study of 5673 first\u2010degree relatives of thyroid cancer patients from Norway","volume":"10","author":"Frich L","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.82.2.342"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"1117","article-title":"The surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program: a national resource","volume":"8","author":"Hankey BF","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","volume-title":"International classification of diseases for oncology","author":"Percy C","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc722"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","first-page":"2939","volume-title":"Cancer: principles and practice of oncology","author":"van Leeuwen FE","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","first-page":"377","article-title":"Papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas with bone metastases: a series of 39 cases during a period of 18 years","volume":"21","author":"Fanchiang JK","year":"1998","journal-title":"Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880101)61:1<1::AID-CNCR2820610102>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)65622-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Metastatic tumors of the thyroid gland. 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