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Analyses are based on odds ratios for specific cancers among those ever breast\u2010fed compared with those never breast\u2010fed, pooled using random\u2010effects models. Forty\u2010nine publications were potentially relevant; of these, 26 provided odds ratio estimates for at least one childhood cancer outcome and were included in metaanalyses. Overall, 92% of the studies were case\u2010control studies, 85% relied on long\u2010term recall of feeding history, only 8% examined breast\u2010feeding exclusivity and control response rates were under 80% in over half. Metaanalyses suggested lower risks associated with having been breast\u2010fed of 9% (95% CI = 2\u201316%) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 24% (3\u201340%) for Hodgkin's disease and 41% (22\u201356%) for neuroblastoma, with little between\u2010study heterogeneity. The estimates for Hodgkin's disease and neuroblastoma, however, were driven by single studies. There was little evidence that breast\u2010feeding was associated with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia, non\u2010Hodgkin's lymphoma, central nervous system cancers, malignant germ cell tumors, juvenile bone tumors, or other solid cancers. In conclusion, ever having been breast\u2010fed is inversely associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease and neuroblastoma in childhood, but noncausal explanations are possible. Even if causal, the public health importance of these associations may be small. Our estimates suggest that increasing breast\u2010feeding from 50% to 100% would prevent at most 5% of cases of childhood acute leukemia or lymphoma. \u00a9 2005 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,28]],"date-time":"2005-06-28T21:19:48Z","timestamp":1119993588000},"page":"1020-1031","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["Breast\u2010feeding and childhood cancer: A systematic review with metaanalysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gunnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George 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