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Therefore, it is assumed that ATLL cells either express particular cytokines or induce their expression in host immune cells, disrupting the balanced production of cytokines and causing the host's immune system to break down. We examined the levels of serum cytokines including T helper type 1\u2010 (Th1\u2010) associated cytokines [IFN\u2010\u03b3, TNF\u2010\u03b1, and interleukin (IL)\u20102], Th2\u2010associated cytokines (IL\u20104, \u20105 and \u20106) and regulatory T cell\u2010associated cytokines (IL\u201010 and TGF\u2010\u03b21) in 94 ATLL patients, 39 asymptomatic human T\u2010cell lymphotropic virus type\u20101 (HTLV\u20101) carriers and 50 healthy adult volunteers, to clarify whether elevated levels of particular cytokines are associated with the prognosis of ATLL patients. On multivariate analysis, high IL\u20105 and IL\u201010 levels were independent and significant unfavorable prognostic factors among the ATLL patients. The IL\u201010 level significantly increased with disease progression at each step from asymptomatic HTLV\u20101 carrier to ATLL of the indolent variant (chronic and smoldering subtypes) to ATLL of the aggressive variant (acute and lymphoma subtypes). Furthermore, high IL\u201010 was significantly associated with high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicating that the IL\u201010 level reflects the tumor burden. The IL\u20105 level was not associated with disease progression nor LDH. Among ATLL patients with the aggressive variant, high IL\u20105, but not high IL\u201010, was an independent and significant unfavorable prognostic factor on multivariate analysis. Measurement of serum IL\u20105 and IL\u201010 levels is useful for predicting the prognosis and for determining a suitable treatment strategy for ATLL patients. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,19]],"date-time":"2006-01-19T22:21:19Z","timestamp":1137709279000},"page":"3054-3061","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Clinical significance of serum Th1\u2010, Th2\u2010 and regulatory T cells\u2010associated cytokines in adult T\u2010cell leukemia\/lymphoma: High interleukin\u20105 and \u201010 levels are significant unfavorable prognostic 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