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Each cohort was identified from various independent sources and followed using nationwide population and mortality registries. Cancers were ascertained by linkage with nationwide cancer registries. Overall, 75 incident cancers were identified in the Estonian cohort and 80 in the Latvian cohort. The combined\u2010cohort standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for all cancers was 1.15 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.98\u20131.34) and for leukemia, 1.53 (95% CI = 0.62\u20133.17; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7). Statistically significant excess cases of thyroid (SIR = 7.06, 95% CI = 2.84\u201314.55; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7) and brain cancer (SIR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.07\u20133.83; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 11) were found, mainly based on Latvian data. However, there was no evidence of a dose response for any of these sites, and the relationship to radiation exposure remains to be established. Excess of thyroid cancer cases observed may have been due to screening, the leukemia cases included 2 unconfirmed diagnoses, and the excess cases of brain tumors may have been a chance finding. There was an indication of increased risk associated with early entry to the Chernobyl area and late follow\u2010up, though not statistically significant. Further follow\u2010up of Chernobyl cleanup workers is warranted to clarify the possible health effects of radiation exposure. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T18:16:51Z","timestamp":1138040211000},"page":"162-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Cancer risk among chernobyl cleanup workers in Estonia and Latvia, 1986\u20131998"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Mati","family":"Rahu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaja","family":"Rahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anssi","family":"Auvinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mare","family":"Tekkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aivars","family":"Stengrevics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Hakulinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"John D.","family":"Boice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Inskip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","volume-title":"The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) 2000 Report","author":"United Nations","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579631"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579423"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579859"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"851","volume-title":"The radiological consequences of the Chernobyl accident","author":"Okeanov AE","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"871","volume-title":"The radiological consequences of the Chernobyl accident","author":"Buzunov V","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-003-0223-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"55","article-title":"The study of Chernobyl clean\u2010up workers from Lithuania","volume":"2","author":"Kesminiene A","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Med Lithuanica"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Coordination of studies of health risks in the Chernobyl clean\u2010up workers and their offspring in the Baltic countries","author":"Stengrevics A","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579632"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","series-title":"Cancer incidence in five continents","author":"Parkin DM","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","volume-title":"International classification of diseases, injuries, and causes of death, 9th revison","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","volume-title":"International classification of diseases for oncology","author":"Percy C","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/22\/3A\/324"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579424"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3433667"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","volume-title":"Induction of thyroid cancer by ionizing radiation","author":"National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3578892"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11258"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8049(93)90566-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0952-4746\/17\/3\/001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004110050049"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"Radiation risk estimates for leukemia and thyroid cancer among Russian emergency workers at Chernobyl","volume":"36","author":"Boice JD","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiat Environ Biophys"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","first-page":"305","article-title":"Response to the letter to the editor by J. 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