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Female subjects treated between 1987 and 1992 were identified from 3 hospitals in the Chicago area. Female spouses of male back pain patients were recruited as controls. A self\u2010administered mail questionnaire focused on exogenous, endogenous and other hormonal factors, personal and family medical history as well as radiation exposures. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using crude, stratified and multivariable logistic models including 219 cases and 260 controls. Participation rates were 86% among cases and 75% among controls. An increased odds ratio (OR) was observed comparing African Americans to Caucasians [OR = 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0\u20136.1]. A protective effect was observed for pregnancy, which increased with number and age at first pregnancy. The odds ratio for 3 or more pregnancies compared to none was 0.3 (95% CI = 0.2\u20130.6). Age at menarche or total period of hormonal activity was not protective. Ever smokers showed a decreased odds ratio for meningioma (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4\u20130.9). The increased odds ratios with African Americans was retained in post\u2010menopausal women, while the protective odds ratios for pregnancy, smoking and oral contraceptives (OCs) became stronger in pre\u2010menopausal women. The pattern by duration and timing of use does not suggest an etiologic role for OCs or hormone replacement therapy. These data add to the evidence that factors known to influence endogenous hormones (pregnancy and indirectly smoking) may have protective effects for meningiomas primarily in premenopausal women. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,28]],"date-time":"2006-03-28T21:17:15Z","timestamp":1143580635000},"page":"1152-1157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Association of meningioma with reproductive factors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Eunsuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Grutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Persky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Glick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faith","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10410"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1987.00520140069020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-198311000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1997.86.1.0113"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100032960"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/cmt.6.4.285.292"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.018333"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/9.suppl_1.202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.65.1.0099"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920515)69:10<2541::AID-CNCR2820691025>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"333","article-title":"Spinal meningiomas in women in Los Angeles County: investigation of an etiological hypothesis","volume":"4","author":"Preston\u2010Martin S","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/84.17.1346"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.99.5.0848"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20776"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","volume-title":"Statistical report: primary brain tumors in the United States, 1997\u20132001","author":"Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS)","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.88.5.0831"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","volume-title":"Epi Info Version 5: a word processing, database, and statistics system for epidemiology on microcomputers","author":"Centers for Disease Control","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","unstructured":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 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